Nucleic acid fragment encoding an NRPS for the biosynthesis of anthramycin

ABSTRACT

Genes and proteins involved in the biosynthesis of benzodiazepines by microorganisms, including the genes and proteins forming the biosynthetic loci for the benzodiazepine anthramycin from  Streptomyces refuineus  subsp.  thermotolerans  including non-ribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPS). The genes and proteins allow direct manipulation of benzodiazepines and related chemical structures via chemical engineering of the enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of anthramycin.

CROSS-REFERENCING TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims benefit under 35 USC §119 of provisional application U.S. Ser. No. 60/296,744 filed on Jun. 11, 2001 which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes.

FIELD OF INVENTION

The present invention relates to nucleic acids molecules that encode proteins that direct the synthesis of benzodiazepines, and in particular anthramycin. The present invention also is directed to use of DNA to produce compounds exhibiting antibiotic activity based on the anthramycin structures.

BACKGROUND

Anthramycin is a member of a class of natural compounds named pyrrolo[1,4]benzodiazepines (PDBs) or, more simply, the benzodiazepine antibiotics. Members of the benzodiazepine antibiotics include the compounds sibiromycin, tomaymycin, neothramycin, porothramycin, sibanomycin, mazethramycin, DC-81, chicamycin and abbeymycin. Naturally occurring benzodiazepine antibiotics are structurally related tricyclic compounds, consisting of an aromatic-ring, a 1,4-diazepin-5-one-ring bearing a N10-C11 imine-carbinolamine moiety, and a pyrrol-ring, as shown below. Different patterns of substitution of the three rings distinguish the different members of this antibiotic class.

Precursor feeding studies have established the biosynthetic building blocks for anthramycin (Hurley et al., 1975, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 97(15), 4372–4378). The anthranilate moieties of these antibiotics are derived from tryptophan via the kynurenine pathway, with the three antibiotics differing in the pattern of substitution at the aromatic ring (Hurley & Gariola, 1979 Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 15:42–45). The 2-carbon and 3-carbon proline units of the antibiotics are derived from catabolism of L-tyrosine. The additional carbon atom found in the 3-carbon proline unit of anthramycin and sibiromycin is derived from methionine and is absent in the 2-carbon proline unit of tomaymycin. Despite the precursor feeding studies, the genes and proteins forming the biosynthetic locus for producing anthramycin have remained unidentified. Many low molecular weight peptides produced by bacteria are synthesized nonribosomally on large multifunctional proteins termed peptide synthetases (Konz & Marahiel, 1999, Chem. Biol., Vol. 6, pp. R39–R48). Nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) are multidomain proteins that contain sets of functional domains arranged into units called modules. Konz & Marahiel (1999) teaches that the sinqie domains can be detected easily in sequence aliqnments by the presence of highly conserved signature or ‘core’ sequences that impart each domain type a characteristic fingerprint, irrespective of the enzyme origin, and discloses the conserved motifs of functional domains (FIG. 3 and Table 2 of Konz & Marahiel).

Benzodiazepine antibiotics have been shown to possess potent biological activitities, including antibiotic, antitumor and antiviral activities (Hurley, 1977, J. Antibiot. 30:349). However, clinical use of benzodiazepine has been compromised primarily because of dose-limiting cardiotoxicity. Consequently, considerable effort has been devoted to creating heterocyclic analogs of the benzodiazepine antibiotics that would retain the desired antitumor activities while avoiding the formation of cardiotoxic quinone-amine products. Elucidation of gene clusters involved in the biosynthesis of benzodiazepines expands the repertoire of genes and proteins useful to produce benzodiazepines via combinatorial biosynthesis.

There is great interest in discovering and developing small molecules capable of binding to DNA in a sequence-selective manner. Anthramycin binds the minor groove of DNA and generates covalent adducts at the 2-amino group of guanine bases. Anthramycin minor groove binding exhibits G-C base specificity. The sequence A-G-A is most favored of all, perhaps because it allows drug binding in either orientation (the acrylamide tail binds at the 5′ position of the binding site and prefers the deep minor groove of an AT pair; G-G-G is disfavored because it makes no accommodation for the acrylamide tail in either direction). Compounds having the potential to target and down-regulate individual genes would be useful in the therapy of genetic-based diseases such as cancer. Such compounds would also be useful in diagnostics, functional genomics and target validation (Thurston et al. 1999, J. Med. Chem. 42:1951–1964). Elucidation of the genes and proteins forming the biosynthetic locus for anthramycin provides a means of generating small molecules capable of binding to DNA in a sequence selective manner.

Existing screening methods for identifying benzodiazepine-producing microbes are laborious, time consuming and have not provided sufficient discrimination to date to detect organisms producing benzodiazepine natural products at low levels. There is a need for tools capable of detecting organisms that produce benzodiazepines at levels that are not detected by traditional culture tests.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention advantageously provides genes and proteins involved in the production of benzodiazepines in general, and anthramycin in particular. Specific embodiments of the genes and proteins are provided in the accompanying sequence listing. SEQ ID NOS: 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51 provide nucleic acids responsible for biosynthesis of the benzodiazepine anthramycin. SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50 provide amino acid sequences for proteins responsible for biosynthesis of the benzodiazepine anthramycin. The genes and proteins of the invention provide the machinery for producing novel compounds based on the structure of anthramycins. The invention allows direct manipulation of anthramycin and related chemical structures via chemical engineering of the enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of anthramycin, modifications which may not be presently possible by chemical methodology because of complexity of the structures.

The invention can also be used to introduce “chemical handles” into normally inert positions that permit subsequence chemical modifications. Several general approaches to achieve the development of novel bezodiazapines are facilitated by the methods and reagents of the present invention. Various benzodiazapine structures can be generated by genetic manipulation of the anthramycin gene cluster or use of various genes from the anthramycin gene cluster in accordance with the methods of the invention. The invention can be used to generate a focused library of analogs around a benzodiazepine lead candidate to fine-tune the compound for optimal properties. Genetic engineering methods of the invention can be directed to modify positions of the molecule previously inert to chemical modifications. Known techniques allow one to manipulate a known benzodiazepine gene cluster either to produce the benzodiazepine compound synthesized by that gene cluster at higher levels than occur in nature or in hosts that otherwise do not produce the benzodiazepine. Known techniques allow one to produce molecules that are structurally related to, but distinct from the benzodiazepine compounds produced from known benzodiazepine gene clusters.

Thus, in a first aspect the invention provides an isolated, purified nucleic acid or enriched comprising a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1; the sequences complementary to SEQ ID NO: 1; fragments comprising at least 100, 200, 300, 500, 1000, 2000 or more consecutive nucleotides of SEQ ID NO: 1; and fragments comprising at least 100, 200, 300, 500, 1000, 2000 or more consecutive nucleotides of the sequences complementary to SEQ ID NO: 1. Preferred embodiments of this aspect include isolated, purified or enriched nucleic acids capable of hybridizing to the above sequences under conditions of moderate or high stringency; isolated, purified or enriched nucleic acid comprising at least 100, 200, 300, 500, 1000, 2000 or more consecutive bases of the above sequences; and isolated, purified or enriched nucleic acid having at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97% or 99% homology to the above sequences as determined by analysis with BLASTN version 2.0 with the default parameters.

Further embodiments of this aspect of the invention include an isolated, purified or enriched nucleic acid comprising a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51 and the sequences complementary thereto; an isolated, purified or enriched nucleic acid comprising at least 50, 75, 100, 200, 500, 800 or more consecutive bases of a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51 and the sequences complementary thereto; and an isolated, purified or enriched nucleic acid capable of hybridizing to the above listed nucleic acids under conditions of moderate or high stringency, and isolated, purified or enriched nucleic acid having at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97% or 99% homology to the nucleic acid of SEQ ID NOS: 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51 as determined by analysis with BLASTN version 2.0 with the default parameters.

In a second embodiment, the invention provides an isolated or purified polypeptide comprising a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50; an isolated or purified polypeptide comprising at least 50, 75, 100, 200, 300 or more consecutive amino acids of the polypeptides of SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50; and an isolated or purified polypeptide having at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, or 99% homology to the polypeptide of SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50 as determined by analysis with BLASTP version 2.2.2 with the default parameters. In a further aspect, the invention provides a polypeptide comprising one or two or three or five or more or the above polypeptide sequences.

The invention also provides recombinant DNA expression vectors containing the above nucleic acids. These genes and the methods of the invention enable one skilled in the art to create recombinant host cells with the ability to produce benzodiazepines. Thus, the invention provides a method of preparing a benzodiazepine compound, said method comprising transforming a heterologous host cell with a recombinant DNA vector that encodes at least one of the above nucleic acids, and culturing said host cell under conditions such that a benzodiazepine is produced. In one aspect, the method is practiced with a Streptomyces host cell. In another aspect, the benzodiazepine produced is anthramycin. In another aspect, the benzodiazepine produced is a compound related in structure to anthramycin.

The invention also encompasses a reagent comprising a probe of the invention for detecting and/or isolating putative anthramycin-producing microorganisms; and a method for detecting and/or isolating putative benzodiazepine-producing microorganisms using a probe of the invention such that hybridization is detected. Cloning, analysis, and manipulation by recombinant DNA technology of genes that encode anthramycin gene products can be performed according to known techniques.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present invention will be further understood from the following description with reference to the following figures:

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a computer system which implements and executes software tools for the purpose of comparing a query to a subject, wherein the subject is selected from the reference sequences of the invention.

FIGS. 2A, 2B, 2C and 2D are flow diagrams of a sequence comparison software that can be employed for the purpose of comparing a query to a subject, wherein the subject is selected from the reference sequences of the invention, wherein FIG. 2A is the query initialization subprocess of the sequence comparison software, FIG. 2B is the subject datasource initialization subprocess of the sequence comparison software, FIG. 2C illustrates the comparison subprocess and the analysis subprocess of the sequence comparison software, and FIG. 2D is the Display/Report subprocess of the sequence comparison software.

FIG. 3 is a flow diagram of the comparator algorithm (238) of FIG. 2C which is one embodiment of a comparator algorithm that can be used for pairwise determination of similarity between a query/subject pair.

FIG. 4 is a flow diagram of the analyzer algorithm (244) of FIG. 2C which is one embodiment of an analyzer algorithm that can be used to assign identity to a query sequence, based on similarity to a subject sequence, where the subject sequence is a reference sequence of the invention.

FIG. 5 illustrates the structure of anthramycin identifying its aromatic A-ring, 7-membered diazepine B-ring, and proline-like C-ring, and also showing the precursors and intermediates to formation of the A-ring and C-ring moieties of the anthramycin molecule.

FIG. 6 is a graphical depiction of the anthramycin biosynthetic locus showing coverage of the locus by the deposited strains (024CA and 024CO), a scale in kb, the relative position and orientation of the 25 ORFs, and their role in the biosynthesis of anthramycin.

FIG. 7 is a biosynthetic scheme for the formation of a common intermediate generated during the biosynthetic of anthramycin and lincomycin.

FIG. 8 is a biosynthetic scheme for formation of anthramycin from the common intermediate formed in FIG. 7.

FIG. 9 is a biosynthetic scheme for formation of 4-methyl-3-hydroxyanthranilic acid from L-typtophan, which 4-methyl-3-hydroxyanthranilic acid is one of the anthranilate precursors shown in FIG. 7.

FIG. 10 is a model for the formation of the anthramycin backbone by the ORF 21 (SEQ ID NO: 42) and ORF 22 (SEQ ID NO: 44) peptide synthetase system.

FIG. 11 is an alignment of the reductase domain of anthramycin NRPS (amino acids 1038 to 1446 of SEQ ID NO: 44) with the reductase domains of Saframycin A synthetase (SEQ ID NO: 52, AAC44129), Myxalamid (SEQ ID NO: 53, AAK57184) and Myxochelin (SEQ ID NO: 54, AAG31130) and a consensus sequence of the reductase domains (SEQ ID NO: 56).

FIG. 12 is an adenylation alignment of anthramycin NRPS (amino acids 35–522 of SEQ ID NO: 42 and amino acids 481–962 of SEQ ID NO: 44) with Grsa of Gramicidin (SEQ ID NO: 55) and a consensus sequence of the adenylation domains (SEQ ID NO: 57).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Throughout the description and the figures, the biosynthetic locus for anthramycin from Streptomyces refuineus var. thermotolerans is sometimes referred to as ANTH. The ORFs in ANTH are assigned a putative function sometimes referred to throughout the description and figures by reference to a four-letter designation, as indicated in Table I.

TABLE 1 Families Function AAOB amine oxidase, flavin-containing; similar to many bacterial L-amino acid oxidases (catalyze the oxidative deamination of amino acids) and eukaryotic monoamine oxidases; domain homology to tryptophan-2-monooxygenases. AOTF amidotransferase, ATP-dependent [asparaginase; asparagine synthetases class B (glutamine-hydrolyzing)]; glutamine amidotransferase/asparagine synthase; asparagine synthetases (glutamine amidotransferases); catalyze the transfer of the carboxamide amino group of glutamine to the carboxylate group of aspartate. ATAA adenylate ligase with C-terminal thiolation domain; part of the anthramycin NRPS system. EATD domain homology to several bacterial lipases, deacetylases, esterases. EFFA efflux; transmembrane transporter. ENRP excision nuclease repair protein; homolog of primary UvrA-like ABC transporter; UvrA is a DNA-binding ATPase that recognizes DNA adducts in the nucleotide excision repair process catalyzed by the Uvr A, B, C excinuclease; contain 2 ABC transporter domains with strong homology to those associated with membrane-bound transporters; contain 1 of the 2 zinc-finger DNA binding motifs found in UvrA; similar to daunorubicin DrrC, mithramycin MtrX, nogalamycin SnoRO. HOXF monooxygenase, flavin-dependent, NADP-binding site; similar to eukaryotic kynurenine 3-monooxygenase (kynurenine-3-hydroxylase). HOXY strong similarity to many putative hydroxylases; domain homology to daunorubicin/doxorubicin DnrV protein that somehow cooperates with the DoxA multifunctional P450 monooxygenase to achieve C-13, C-14 hydroxylation of daunorubicin intermediates. HYDE kynurenine hydrolase family, pyridoxal-phosphate cofactor; the kynureninases cleave L-kynurenine and 3-hydroxykynurenine to generate anthranilic acid and 3- hydroxyanthranilic acid, respectively, and L-alanine, in the biosynthesis of NAD cofactors from tryptophan through the kynurenine pathway. MTFA methyltransferase, SAM-dependent; includes O-methyltransferases, N,N-dimethyltransferases (e.g. spinosyn SpnS N-dimethyltransferase), C-methyltransferases. NRPS non-ribosomal peptide synthetase; part of the anthramycin NRPS system. OXBD oxidoreductase; F420-dependent; similar to LmbY; this reductase probably requires the so-called LCF cofactor (lincomycin cosynthetic factor, identical to the 7,8- didemethyl-8-hydroxy-5-deazariboflavin component of the redox coenzyme F420 of methanogens); this unusual cofactor in its active form contains a gamma-glutamyl moiety in its side chain, a side chain that may be added by the gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase family enzymes. OXBY flavin-dependent oxidoreductase; strong homology to many plant cytokinin oxidases, which degrade cytokinins by catalyzing the cleavage of the N6-(isopent-2-enyl) side chain resulting in the formation of adenine-type compounds and the corresponding isopentenyl aldehydes; domain homology to other oxidoreductases that covalently bind FAD; contains the conserved His residue that serves as the site of covalent FAD binding in such diverse oxidoreductases as cytokinin oxidases, 6-deoxy-D-nicotine oxidases, mitomycin McrA, MmcM, MitR, daunorubicin DnrW, and plant berberine bridge enzymes. OXCB alcohol dehydrogenase; zinc-binding, NAD(+)-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase family. OXCC NAD-dependent aldehyde dehydrogenase; homology to e.g. Pseudomonas putida p- cumic aldehyde dehydrogenase which converts p-isopropylbenzaldehyde to p- isopropylbenzoic acid; Ustilago maydis indole-3-acetaldehyde dehydrogenase which converts indole-3-acetaldehyde to indole-3-acetic acid; mammalian mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenases; vertebrate retinaldehyde-specific dehydrogenases; as well as several plant NAD-dependent aldehyde dehydrogenases. OXRC oxidoreductase; cytP450 monooxygenase, hydroxylase; similar to PikC, DoxA, FkbD; oxygen-binding site motif: LLxAGx(D, E); heme-binding pocket motif: GxGxHxCxGxxLxR, the cysteine is invariable and coordinates the heme. OXRN oxidoreductase; homology to tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenases (tryptophan pyrrolase, tryptamin-2,3-dioxygenase) from diverse organisms; the tryptophan dioxygenases are homotetrameric proteins that bind 2 molecules of protoheme IV, and demonstrate a broad specificity towards tryptamine and derivatives including D- and L-tryptophan, 5- hydroxytryptophan and serotonin. RREA response regulator; CheY-homologous receiver domain, contains a phosphoacceptor site that is phosphorylated by histidine kinase homologs; similar to JadR1, NisR. UNIQ unknown. UNKA unknown; similar to lincomycin LmbX (unassigned function in lincomycin biosynthesis). UNKJ unknown; similar to LmbA (gammaglutamyl transferase, gamma- glutamyltranspeptidase, involved in generating the FAD-derived lincomycin cosynthetic factor LCF required for lincomycin biosynthesis); GGTs catalyze the transfer of 5-L- glutamyl group from peptides to amino acids and play a key role in the gamma- glutamyl cycle, a pathway for the synthesis and degradation of glutathione; also similar to cephalosporin acylase I, which hydrolyzes 7-beta-(4-carboxybutan-amido)- cephalosporanic acid to 7-aminocephalosporanic acid and glutamic acid, and which also has GGT activity in vitro; may be involved in adding gamma-glutamyl side chains to unusual flavin cofactors. UNKV unknown; similar to lincomycin LmbB2, putative tyrosine 3-hydroxylase; LmbB1, 2 may cooperate to form a L-DOPA extradiol-cleaving 2,3-dioxygenase (L-DOPA converting enzyme) to cleave the aromatic ring of L-DOPA (3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine; 3- hydroxytyrosine) and create a 5-membered heterocyclic ring that incorporates the amino group of the amino acid; LmbB1(see UNKW) and LmbB2 together may also act as a tyrosine 3-hydroxylase to convert tyrosine to L-DOPA. UNKW unknown; similar to lincomycin LmbB1 L-DOPA extradiol-cleaving 2,3-dioxygenase (L- DOPA converting enzyme) subunit, which may work together with LmbB2 (see UNKV) to cleave the aromatic ring of L-DOPA (3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine; 3- hydroxytyrosine) and create a 5-membered heterocyclic ring that incorporates the amino group of the amino acid; LmbB1 and LmbB2 (see UNKV) together may also act as a tyrosine 3-hydroxylase to convert tyrosine to L-DOPA.

The terms “benzodiazepine producer” and “benzodiazepine-producing organism” refer to a microorganism that carries the genetic information necessary to produce a benzodiazepine compound, whether or not the organism is known to produce a benzodiazepine compound. The terms “anthramycin producer” and “anthramycin-producing organism” refer to a microorganism that carries the genetic information necessary to produce an anthromycin compound, whether or not the organism is known to produce an anthromycin product. The terms apply equally to organisms in which the genetic information to produce the benzodiazepine or anthramycin compound is found in the organism as it exists in its natural environment, and to organisms in which the genetic information is introduced by recombinant techniques. For the sake of particularity, specific organisms contemplated herein include organisms of the family Micromonosporaceae, of which preferred genera include Micromonospora, Actinoplanes and Dactylosporangium; the family Streptomycetaceae, of which preferred genera include Streptomyces and Kitasatospora; the family Pseudonocardiaceae, of which preferred genera are Amycolatopsis and Saccharopolyspora; and the family Actinosynnemataceae, of which preferred genera include Saccharothrix and Actinosynnema; however the terms are intended to encompass all organisms containing genetic information necessary to produce a benzodiazepine compound.

The term anthramycin biosynthetic gene product refers to any enzyme or polypeptide involved in the biosynthesis of anthramycin. For the sake of particularity, the anthramycin biosynthetic pathway is associated with Streptomyces refuineus var. thermotolerans. However, it should be understood that this term encompasses anthramycin biosynthetic enzymes (and genes encoding such enzymes) isolated from any microorganism of the genus Streptomyces, and furthermore that these genes may have novel homologues in related actinomycete microorganisms or non-actinomycete microorganisms that fall within the scope of the invention. Representative anthramycin biosynthetic genes products include the polypeptides listed in SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50 or homologues thereof.

The term “isolated” means that the material is removed from its original environment, e.g. the natural environment if it is naturally occurring. For example, a naturally-occurring polynucleotide or polypeptide present in a living organism is not isolated, but the same polynucleotide or polypeptide, separated from some or all of the coexisting materials in the natural system, is isolated. Such polynucleotides could be part of a vector and/or such polynucleotides or polypeptides could be part of a composition, and still be isolated in that such vector or composition is not part of its natural environment.

The term “purified” does not require absolute purity; rather, it is intended as a relative definition. Individual nucleic acids obtained from a library have been conventionally purified to electrophoretic homogeneity. The purified nucleic acids of the present invention have been purified from the remainder of the genomic DNA in the organism by at least 10⁴ to 10⁶ fold. However, the term “purified” also includes nucleic acids which have been purified from the remainder of the genomic DNA or from other sequences in a library or other environment by at least one order of magnitude, preferably two or three orders of magnitude, and more preferably four or five orders of magnitude.

“Recombinant” means that the nucleic acid is adjacent to “backbone” nucleic acid to which it is not adjacent in its natural environment. “Enriched” nucleic acids represent 5% or more of the number of nucleic acid inserts in a population of nucleic acid backbone molecules. “Backbone” molecules include nucleic acids such as expression vectors, self-replicating nucleic acids, viruses, integrating nucleic acids, and other vectors or nucleic acids used to maintain or manipulate a nucleic acid of interest. Preferably, the enriched nucleic acids represent 15% or more, more preferably 50% or more, and most preferably 90% or more, of the number of nucleic acid inserts in the population of recombinant backbone molecules.

“Recombinant” polypeptides or proteins refers to polypeptides or proteins produced by recombinant DNA techniques, i.e. produced from cells transformed by an exogenous DNA construct encoding the desired polypeptide or protein. “Synthetic” polypeptides or proteins are those prepared by chemical synthesis.

The term “gene” means the segment of DNA involved in producing a polypeptide chain; it includes regions preceding and following the coding region (leader and trailer) as well as, where applicable, intervening regions (introns) between individual coding segments (exons).

A DNA or nucleotide “coding sequence” or “sequence encoding” a particular polypeptide or protein, is a DNA sequence which is transcribed and translated into a polypeptide or protein when placed under the control of appropriate regulatory sequences.

“Oligonucleotide” refers to a nucleic acid, generally of at least 10, preferably 15 and more preferably at least 20 nucleotides, preferably no more than 100 nucleotides, that are hybridizable to a genomic DNA molecule, a cDNA molecule, or an mRNA molecule encoding a gene, mRNA, cDNA or other nucleic acid of interest.

A promoter sequence is “operably linked to” a coding sequence recognized by RNA polymerase which initiates transcription at the promoter and transcribes the coding sequence into mRNA.

“Plasmids” are designated herein by a lower case p preceded or followed by capital letters and/or numbers. The starting plasmids herein are commercially available, publicly available on an unrestricted basis, or can be constructed from available plasmids in accord with published procedures. In addition, equivalent plasmids to those described herein are known in the art and will be apparent to the skilled artisan.

“Digestion” of DNA refers to enzymatic cleavage of the DNA with a restriction enzyme that acts only at certain sequences in the DNA. The various restriction enzymes used herein are commercially available and their reaction conditions, cofactors and other requirements were used as would be known to the ordinary skilled artisan. For analytical purposes, typically 1 μg of plasmid or DNA fragment is used with about 2 units of enzyme in about 20 μl of buffer solution. For the purpose of isolating DNA fragments for plasmid construction, typically 5 to 50 μg of DNA are digested with 20 to 250 units of enzyme in a larger volume. Appropriate buffers and substrate amounts for particular enzymes are specified by the manufacturer. Incubation times of about 1 hour at 37° C. are ordinarily used, but may vary in accordance with the supplier's instructions. After digestion the gel electrophoresis may be performed to isolate the desired fragment.

We have now discovered the genes and proteins involved in the biosynthesis of the benzodiazepine anthryamycin. Nucleic acid sequences encoding proteins involved in the biosynthesis of anthramycin are provided in the accompanying sequence listing as SEQ ID NOS: 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51. Polypeptides involved in the biosynthesis of anthramycin are provided in the accompanying sequence listing as SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50.

One aspect of the present invention is an isolated, purified, or enriched nucleic acid comprising one of the sequences of SEQ ID NOS: 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51, the sequences complementary thereto, or a fragment comprising at least 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500 or 800 consecutive bases of one of the sequences of SEQ ID NOS: 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51 or the sequences complementary thereto. The isolated, purified or enriched nucleic acids may comprise DNA, including cDNA, genomic DNA, and synthetic DNA. The DNA may be double stranded or single stranded, and if single stranded may be the coding (sense) or non-coding (anti-sense) strand. Alternatively, the isolated, purified or enriched nucleic acids may comprise RNA.

As discussed in more detail below, the isolated, purified or enriched nucleic acids of one of SEQ ID NOS: 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51 may be used to prepare one of the polypeptides of SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50 or fragments comprising at least 50, 75, 100, 200, 300 or more consecutive amino acids of one of the polypeptides of SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50.

Accordingly, another aspect of the present invention is an isolated, purified or enriched nucleic acid which encodes one of the polypeptides of SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, or fragments comprising at least 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, 300 or more consecutive amino acids of one of the polypeptides of SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50. The coding sequences of these nucleic acids may be identical to one of the coding sequences of one of the nucleic acids of SEQ ID NOS: 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51 or a fragment thereof or may be different coding sequences which encode one of the polypeptides of SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, or fragments comprising at least 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, 300 consecutive amino acids of one of the polypeptides of SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50 as a result of the redundancy or degeneracy of the genetic code. The genetic code is well known to those of skill in the art and can be obtained, for example, from Stryer, Biochemistry, 3^(rd) edition, W. H. Freeman & Co., New York.

The isolated, purified or enriched nucleic acid which encodes one of the polypeptides of SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, may include, but is not limited to: (1) only the coding sequences of one of SEQ ID NOS: 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51; (2) the coding sequences of SEQ ID NOS: 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51 and additional coding sequences, such as leader sequences or proprotein; and (3) the coding sequences of SEQ ID NOS: 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51 and non-coding sequences, such as introns or non-coding sequences 5′ and/or 3′ of the coding sequence. Thus, as used herein, the term “polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide” encompasses a polynucleotide which includes only coding sequence for the polypeptide as well as a polynucleotide which includes additional coding and/or non-coding sequence.

The invention relates to polynucleotides based on SEQ ID NOS: 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51 but having polynucleotide changes that are “silent”, for example changes which do not alter the amino acid sequence encoded by the polynucleotides of SEQ ID NOS: 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51. The invention also relates to polynucleotides which have nucleotide changes which result in amino acid substitutions, additions, deletions, fusions and truncations of the polypeptides of SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50. Such nucleotide changes may be introduced using techniques such as site directed mutagenesis, random chemical mutagenesis, exonuclease III deletion, and other recombinant DNA techniques.

The isolated, purified or enriched nucleic acids of SEQ ID NOS: 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51, the sequences complementary thereto, or a fragment comprising at least 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400 or 500 consecutive bases of one of the sequence of SEQ ID NOS: 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51, or the sequences complementary thereto may be used as probes to identify and isolate DNAs encoding the polypeptides of SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50 respectively. In such procedures, a genomic DNA library is constructed from a sample microorganism or a sample containing a microorganism capable of producing a benzodiazepine. The genomic DNA library is then contacted with a probe comprising a coding sequence or a fragment of the coding sequence, encoding one of the polypeptides of SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, or a fragment thereof under conditions which permit the probe to specifically hybridize to sequences complementary thereto. In a preferred embodiment, the probe is an oligonucleotide of about 10 to about 30 nucleotides in length designed based on a nucleic acid of SEQ ID NOS: 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51. Genomic DNA clones which hybridize to the probe are then detected and isolated. Procedures for preparing and identifying DNA clones of interest are disclosed in Ausubel et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley 503 Sons, Inc. 1997; and Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual 2d Ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1989. In another embodiment, the probe is a restriction fragments or a PCR amplified nucleic acid derived from SEQ ID NOS: 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51.

The isolated, purified or enriched nucleic acids of SEQ ID NOS: 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51, the sequences complementary thereto, or a fragment comprising at least 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400 or 500 consecutive bases of one of the sequences of SEQ ID NOS: 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51, or the sequences complementary thereto may be used as probes to identify and isolate related nucleic acids. In some embodiments, the related nucleic acids may be genomic DNAs (or cDNAs) from potential benzodiazepine producers. In such procedures, a nucleic acid sample containing nucleic acids from a potential benzodiazepine-producer or anthramycin-producer is contacted with the probe under conditions that permit the probe to specifically hybridize to related sequences. The nucleic acid sample may be a genomic DNA (or cDNA) library from the potential benzodiazepine-producer. Hybridization of the probe to nucleic acids is then detected using any of the methods described above.

Hybridization may be carried out under conditions of low stringency, moderate stringency or high stringency. As an example of nucleic acid hybridization, a polymer membrane containing immobilized denatured nucleic acids is first prehybridized for 30 minutes at 45° C. in a solution consisting of 0.9 M NaCl, 50 mM NaH₂PO₄, pH 7.0, 5.0 mM Na₂EDTA, 0.5% SDS, 10×Denhardt's, and 0.5 mg/ml polyriboadenylic acid. Approximately 2×10⁷ cpm (specific activity 4–9×10⁸ cpm/ug) of ³²P end-labeled oligonucleotide probe are then added to the solution. After 12–16 hours of incubation, the membrane is washed for 30 minutes at room temperature in 1×SET (150 mM NaCl, 20 mM Tris hydrochloride, pH 7.8, 1 mM Na₂EDTA) containing 0.5% SDS, followed by a 30 minute wash in fresh 1×SET at Tm-10 C for the oligonucleotide probe where Tm is the melting temperature. The membrane is then exposed to auto-radiographic film for detection of hybridization signals.

By varying the stringency of the hybridization conditions used to identify nucleic acids, such as genomic DNAs or cDNAs, which hybridize to the detectable probe, nucleic acids having different levels of homology to the probe can be identified and isolated. Stringency may be varied by conducting the hybridization at varying temperatures below the melting temperatures of the probes. The melting temperature of the probe may be calculated using the following formulas:

For oligonucleotide probes between 14 and 70 nucleotides in length the melting temperature (Tm) in degrees Celcius may be calculated using the formula: Tm=81.5+16.6(log [Na+])+0.41 (fraction G+C)−(600/N) where N is the length of the oligonucleotide.

If the hybridization is carried out in a solution containing formamide, the melting temperature may be calculated using the equation Tm=81.5+16.6(log [Na+])+0.41(fraction G+C)−(0.63% formamide)−(600/N) where N is the length of the probe.

Prehybridization may be carried out in 6×SSC, 5×Denhardt's reagent, 0.5% SDS, 0.1 mg/ml denatured fragmented salmon sperm DNA or 6×SSC, 5×Denhardt's reagent, 0.5% SDS, 0.1 mg/ml denatured fragmented salmon sperm DNA, 50% formamide. The composition of the SSC and Denhardt's solutions are listed in Sambrook et al., supra.

Hybridization is conducted by adding the detectable probe to the hybridization solutions listed above. Where the probe comprises double stranded DNA, it is denatured by incubating at elevated temperatures and quickly cooling before addition to the hybridization solution. It may also be desirable to similarly denature single stranded probes to eliminate or diminish formation of secondary structures or oligomerization. The filter is contacted with the hybridization solution for a sufficient period of time to allow the probe to hybridize to cDNAs or genomic DNAs containing sequences complementary thereto or homologous thereto. For probes over 200 nucleotides in length, the hybridization may be carried out at 15–25° C. below the Tm. For shorter probes, such as oligonucleotide probes, the hybridization may be conducted at 5–10° C. below the Tm. Preferably, the hybridization is conducted in 6×SSC, for shorter probes. Preferably, the hybridization is conducted in 50% formamide containing solutions, for longer probes.

All the foregoing hybridizations would be considered to be examples of hybridization performed under conditions of high stringency.

Following hybridization, the filter is washed for at least 15 minutes in 2×SSC, 0.1% SDS at room temperature or higher, depending on the desired stringency. The filter is then washed with 0.1×SSC, 0.5% SDS at room temperature (again) for 30 minutes to 1 hour.

Nucleic acids which have hybridized to the probe are identified by conventional autoradiography and non-radioactive detection methods.

The above procedure may be modified to identify nucleic acids having decreasing levels of homology to the probe sequence. For example, to obtain nucleic acids of decreasing homology to the detectable probe, less stringent conditions may be used. For example, the hybridization temperature may be decreased in increments of 5° C. from 68° C. to 42° C. in a hybridization buffer having a Na+concentration of approximately 1M. Following hybridization, the filter may be washed with 2×SSC, 0.5% SDS at the temperature of hybridization. These conditions are considered to be “moderate stringency” conditions above 50° C. and “low stringency” conditions below 50° C. A specific example of “moderate stringency” hybridization conditions is when the above hybridization is conducted at 55° C. A specific example of “low stringency” hybridization conditions is when the above hybridization is conducted at 45° C.

Alternatively, the hybridization may be carried out in buffers, such as 6×SSC, containing formamide at a temperature of 42° C. In this case, the concentration of formamide in the hybridization buffer may be reduced in 5% increments from 50% to 0% to identify clones having decreasing levels of homology to the probe. Following hybridization, the filter may be washed with 6×SSC, 0.5% SDS at 50° C. These conditions are considered to be “moderate stringency” conditions above 25% formamide and “low stringency” conditions below 25% formamide. A specific example of “moderate stringency” hybridization conditions is when the above hybridization is conducted at 30% formamide. A specific example of “low stringency” hybridization conditions is when the above hybridization is conducted at 10% formamide.

Nucleic acids which have hybridized to the probe are identified by conventional autoradiography and non-radioactive detection methods.

For example, the preceding methods may be used to isolate nucleic acids having a sequence with at least 97%, at least 95%, at least 90%, at least 85%, at least 80%, or at least 70% homology to a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of the sequences of SEQ ID NOS: 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51, fragments comprising at least 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, or 500 consecutive bases thereof, and the sequences complementary thereto. Homology may be measured using BLASTN version 2.0 with the default parameters. For example, the homologous polynucleotides may have a coding sequence that is a naturally occurring allelic variant of one of the coding sequences described herein. Such allelic variant may have a substitution, deletion or addition of one or more nucleotides when compared to the nucleic acids of SEQ ID NOS: 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51, or the sequences complementary thereto.

Additionally, the above procedures may be used to isolate nucleic acids which encode polypeptides having at least 99%, 95%, at least 90%, at least 85%, at least 80%, or at least 70% homology to a polypeptide having the sequence of one of SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, or fragments comprising at least 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, 300 consecutive amino acids thereof as determined using the BLASTP version 2.2.2 algorithm with default parameters.

Another aspect of the present invention is an isolated or purified polypeptide comprising the sequence of one of SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50 or fragments comprising at least 50, 75, 100, 150, 200 or 300 consecutive amino acids thereof. As discussed herein, such polypeptides may be obtained by inserting a nucleic acid encoding the polypeptide into a vector such that the coding sequence is operably linked to a sequence capable of driving the expression of the encoded polypeptide in a suitable host cell. For example, the expression vector may comprise a promoter, a ribosome binding site for translation initiation and a transcription terminator. The vector may also include appropriate sequences for modulating expression levels, an origin of replication and a selectable marker.

Promoters suitable for expressing the polypeptide or fragment thereof in bacteria include the E. coli lac or trp promoters, the lad promoter, the lacZ promoter, the T3 promoter, the T7 promoter, the gpt promoter, the lambda P_(R) promoter, the lambda P_(L) promoter, promoters from operons encoding glycolytic enzymes such as 3-phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK), and the acid phosphatase promoter. Fungal promoters include the α factor promoter. Eukaryotic promoters include the CMV immediate early promoter, the HSV thymidine kinase promoter, heat shock promoters, the early and late SV40 promoter, LTRs from retroviruses, and the mouse metallothionein-I promoter. Other promoters known to control expression of genes in prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells or their viruses may also be used.

Mammalian expression vectors may also comprise an origin of replication, any necessary ribosome binding sites, a polyadenylation site, splice donors and acceptor sites, transcriptional termination sequences, and 5′ flanking nontranscribed sequences. In some embodiments, DNA sequences derived from the SV40 splice and polyadenylation sites may be used to provide the required nontranscribed genetic elements.

Vectors for expressing the polypeptide or fragment thereof in eukaryotic cells may also contain enhancers to increase expression levels. Enhancers are cis-acting elements of DNA, usually from about 10 to about 300 bp in length that act on a promoter to increase its transcription. Examples include the SV40 enhancer on the late side of the replication origin bp 100 to 270, the cytomegalovirus early promoter enhancer, the polyoma enhancer on the late side of the replication origin, and the adenovirus enhancers.

In addition, the expression vectors preferably contain one or more selectable marker genes to permit selection of host cells containing the vector. Examples of selectable markers that may be used include genes encoding dihydrofolate reductase or genes conferring neomycin resistance for eukaryotic cell culture, genes conferring tetracycline or ampicillin resistance in E. coli, and the S. cerevisiae TRP1 gene.

In some embodiments, the nucleic acid encoding one of the polypeptides of SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, or fragments comprising at least 50, 75, 100, 150, 200 or 300 consecutive amino acids thereof is assembled in appropriate phase with a leader sequence capable of directing secretion of the translated polypeptides or fragments thereof. Optionally, the nucleic acid can encode a fusion polypeptide in which one of the polypeptide of SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50 or fragments comprising at least 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 50, 75, 100, or 150 consecutive amino acids thereof is fused to heterologous peptides or polypeptides, such as N-terminal identification peptides which impart desired characteristics such as increased stability or simplified purification or detection.

The appropriate DNA sequence may be inserted into the vector by a variety of procedures. In general, the DNA sequence is ligated to the desired position in the vector following digestion of the insert and the vector with appropriate restriction endonucleases. Alternatively, appropriate restriction enzyme sites can be engineered into a DNA sequence by PCR. A variety of cloning techniques are disclosed in Ausbel et al. Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley 503 Sons, Inc. 1997 and Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual 2d Ed., Cold Spring Harbour Laboratory Press, 1989. Such procedures and others are deemed to be within the scope of those skilled in the art.

The vector, may be, for example, in the form of a plasmid, a viral particle, or a phage. Other vectors include derivatives of chromosomal, nonchromosomal and synthetic DNA sequences, viruses, bacterial plasmids, phage DNA, baculovirus, yeast plasmids, vectors derived from combinations of plasmids and phage DNA, viral DNA such as vaccinia, adenovirus, fowl pox virus, and pseudorabies. A variety of cloning and expression vectors for use with prokaryotic and eukaryotic hosts are described by Sambrook, et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Second Edition, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., (1989).

Particular bacterial vectors which may be used include the commercially available plasmids comprising genetic elements of the well known cloning vector pBR322 (ATCC 37017), pKK223-3 (Pharmacia Fine Chemicals, Uppsala, Sweden), GEM1 (Promega Biotec, Madison, Wis., USA) pQE70, pQE60, pQE-9 (Qiagen), pD10, psiX174 pBluescript II KS, pNH8A, pNH16a, pNH18A, pNH46A (Stratagene), ptrc99a, pKK223-3, pKK233-3, pDR540, pRIT5 (Pharmacia), pKK232-8 and pCM7. Particular eukaryotic vectors include pSV2CAT, pOG44, pXT1, pSG (Stratagene) pSVK3, pBPV, pMSG, and pSVL (Pharmacia). However, any other vector may be used as long as it is replicable and stable in the host cell.

The host cell may be any of the host cells familiar to those skilled in the art, including prokaryotic cells or eukaryotic cells. As representative examples of appropriate hosts, there may be mentioned: bacteria cells, such as E. coli, Streptomyces, Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella typhimurium and various species within the genera Pseudomonas, Streptomyces, and Staphylococcus, fungal cells, such as yeast, insect cells such as Drosophila S2 and Spodoptera Sf9, animal cells such as CHO, COS or Bowes melanoma, and adenoviruses. The selection of an appropriate host is within the abilities of those skilled in the art.

The vector may be introduced into the host cells using any of a variety of techniques, including electroporation transformation, transfection, transduction, viral infection, gene guns, or Ti-mediated gene transfer. Where appropriate, the engineered host cells can be cultured in conventional nutrient media modified as appropriate for activating promoters, selecting transformants or amplifying the genes of the present invention. Following transformation of a suitable host strain and growth of the host strain to an appropriate cell density, the selected promoter may be induced by appropriate means (e.g., temperature shift or chemical induction) and the cells may be cultured for an additional period to allow them to produce the desired polypeptide or fragment thereof.

Cells are typically harvested by centrifugation, disrupted by physical or chemical means, and the resulting crude extract is retained for further purification. Microbial cells employed for expression of proteins can be disrupted by any convenient method, including freeze-thaw cycling, sonication, mechanical disruption, or use of cell lysing agents. Such methods are well known to those skilled in the art. The expressed polypeptide or fragment thereof can be recovered and purified from recombinant cell cultures by methods including ammonium sulfate or ethanol precipitation, acid extraction, anion or cation exchange chromatography, phosphocellulose chromatography, hydrophobic interaction chromatography, affinity chromatography, hydroxylapatite chromatography and lectin chromatography. Protein refolding steps can be used, as necessary, in completing configuration of the polypeptide. If desired, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) can be employed for final purification steps.

Various mammalian cell culture systems can also be employed to express recombinant protein. Examples of mammalian expression systems include the COS-7 lines of monkey kidney fibroblasts (described by Gluzman, Cell, 23:175(1981), and other cell lines capable of expressing proteins from a compatible vector, such as the C127, 3T3, CHO, HeLa and BHK cell lines.

The constructs in host cells can be used in a conventional manner to produce the gene product encoded by the recombinant sequence. Depending upon the host employed in a recombinant production procedure, the polypeptide produced by host cells containing the vector may be glycosylated or may be non-glycosylated. Polypeptides of the invention may or may not also include an initial methionine amino acid residue.

Alternatively, the polypeptides of SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, or fragments comprising at least 50, 75, 100, 150, 200 or 300 consecutive amino acids thereof can be synthetically produced by conventional peptide synthesizers. In other embodiments, fragments or portions of the polynucleotides may be employed for producing the corresponding full-length polypeptide by peptide synthesis; therefore, the fragments may be employed as intermediates for producing the full-length polypeptides.

Cell-free translation systems can also be employed to produce one of the polypeptides of SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, or fragments comprising at least 50, 75, 100, 150, 200 or 300 consecutive amino acids thereof using mRNAs transcribed from a DNA construct comprising a promoter operably linked to a nucleic acid encoding the polypeptide or fragment therof. In some embodiments, the DNA construct may be linearized prior to conducting an in vitro transcription reaction. The transcribed mRNA is then incubated with an appropriate cell-free translation extract, such as a rabbit reticulocyte extract, to produce the desired polypeptide or fragment thereof.

The present invention also relates to variants of the polypeptides of SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, or fragments comprising at least 50, 75, 100, 150, 200 or 300 consecutive amino acids thereof. The term “variant” includes derivatives or analogs of these polypeptides. In particular, the variants may differ in amino acid sequence from the polypeptides of SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, by one or more substitutions, additions, deletions, fusions and truncations, which may be present in any combination.

The variants may be naturally occurring or created in vitro. In particular, such variants may be created using genetic engineering techniques such as site directed mutagenesis, random chemical mutagenesis, Exonuclease III deletion procedures, and standard cloning techniques. Alternatively, such variants, fragments, analogs, or derivatives may be created using chemical synthesis or modification procedures.

Other methods of making variants are also familiar to those skilled in the art. These include procedures in which nucleic acid sequences obtained from natural isolates are modified to generate nucleic acids that encode polypeptides having characteristics which enhance their value in industrial or laboratory applications. In such procedures, a large number of variant sequences having one or more nucleotide differences with respect to the sequence obtained from the natural isolate are generated and characterized. Preferably, these nucleotide differences result in amino acid changes with respect to the polypeptides encoded by the nucleic acids from the natural isolates.

For example, variants may be created using error prone PCR. In error prone PCR, DNA amplification is performed under conditions where the fidelity of the DNA polymerase is low, such that a high rate of point mutation is obtained along the entire length of the PCR product. Error prone PCR is described in Leung, D. W., et al., Technique, 1:11–15 (1989) and Caldwell, R. C. & Joyce G. F., PCR Methods Applic., 2:28–33 (1992). Variants may also be created using site directed mutagenesis to generate site-specific mutations in any cloned DNA segment of interest. Oligonucleotide mutagenesis is described in Reidhaar-Olson, J. F. & Sauer, R. T., et al., Science, 241:53–57 (1988). Variants may also be created using directed evolution strategies such as those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,361,974 and 6,372,497. The variants of the polypeptides of SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, may be (i) variants in which one or more of the amino acid residues of the polypeptides of SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, are substituted with a conserved or non-conserved amino acid residue (preferably a conserved amino acid residue) and such substituted amino acid residue may or may not be one encoded by the genetic code.

Conservative substitutions are those that substitute a given amino acid in a polypeptide by another amino acid of like characteristics. Typically seen as conservative substitutions are the following replacements: replacements of an aliphatic amino acid such as Ala, Val, Leu and lie with another aliphatic amino acid; replacement of a Ser with a Thr or vice versa; replacement of an acidic residue such as Asp or Glu with another acidic residue; replacement of a residue bearing an amide group, such as Asn or Gln, with another residue bearing an amide group; exchange of a basic residue such as Lys or Arg with another basic residue; and replacement of an aromatic residue such as Phe or Tyr with another aromatic residue.

Other variants are those in which one or more of the amino acid residues of the polypeptides of SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50 includes a substituent group.

Still other variants are those in which the polypeptide is associated with another compound, such as a compound to increase the half-life of the polypeptide (for example, polyethylene glycol).

Additional variants are those in which additional amino acids are fused to the polypeptide, such as leader sequence, a secretory sequence, a proprotein sequence or a sequence which facilitates purification, enrichment, or stabilization of the polypeptide.

In some embodiments, the fragments, derivatives and analogs retain the same biological function or activity as the polypeptides of SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50. In other embodiments, the fragment, derivative or analogue includes a fused heterologous sequence which facilitates purification, enrichment, detection, stabilization or secretion of the polypeptide that can be enzymatically cleaved, in whole or in part, away from the fragment, derivative or analogue.

Another aspect of the present invention are polypeptides or fragments thereof which have at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, or more than 95% homology to one of the polypeptides of SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, or a fragment comprising at least 50, 75, 100, 150, 200 or 300 consecutive amino acids thereof. Homology may be determined using a program, such as BLASTP version 2.2.2 with the default parameters, which aligns the polypeptides or fragments being compared and determines the extent of amino acid identity or similarity between them. It will be appreciated that amino acid “homology” includes conservative substitutions such as those described above.

The polypeptides or fragments having homology to one of the polypeptides of SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, or a fragment comprising at least 50, 75, 100, 150, 200 or 300 consecutive amino acids thereof may be obtained by isolating the nucleic acids encoding them using the techniques described above.

Alternatively, the homologous polypeptides or fragments may be obtained through biochemical enrichment or purification procedures. The sequence of potentially homologous polypeptides or fragments may be determined by proteolytic digestion, gel electrophoresis and/or microsequencing. The sequence of the prospective homologous polypeptide or fragment can be compared to one of the polypeptides of SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, or a fragment comprising at least 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 50, 75, 100, or 150 consecutive amino acids thereof using a program such as BLASTP version 2.2.2 with the default parameters.

The polypeptides of SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, or fragments, derivatives or analogs thereof comprising at least 40, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200 or 300 consecutive amino acids thereof invention may be used in a variety of application. For example, the polypeptides or fragments, derivatives or analogs thereof may be used to catalyze certain biochemical reactions. In particular, the polypeptides of the ATAA family, namely SEQ ID NO: 42 or fragments, derivatives or analogs thereof; the NRPS family, namely SEQ ID NO: 44 or fragments, derivatives or analogs thereof may be used in any combination, in vitro or in vivo, to direct the synthesis or modification of a polypeptide or a substructure thereof, more specifically a benzodiazepine compound or substructure thereof. Polypeptides of the AOTF family, namely SEQ ID NO: 2 or fragments, derivatives or analogs thereof; the OXCC family, namely SEQ ID NO: 4 or fragments, derivatives or analogs thereof; the OXCB family, namely SEQ ID NO: 6 or fragments, derivatives or analogs thereof; the OXRC family, namely SEQ ID NO: 8 or fragments, derivatives or analogs thereof; the MTFA family, namely SEQ ID NO: 10 or fragments, derivatives or analogs thereof; the UNKJ family, namely SEQ ID NO: 12 or fragments, derivatives or analogs thereof; the OXBY family, namely SEQ ID NO: 14 or fragments, derivatives or analogs thereof; the HOXY family, namely SEQ ID NO: 18 or fragments, derivatives or analogs thereof; the UNKW family, namely SEQ ID NO: 24 or fragments, derivatives or analogs thereof; the UNKV family, namely SEQ ID NO: 26 or fragments, derivatives or analogs thereof; the OXBD family, namely SEQ ID NO: 28 or fragments, derivatives or analogs thereof; the UNKA family, namely SEQ ID NO: 30 or fragments, derivatives or analogs thereof; the UNIQ family, namely SEQ ID NO: 22 or fragments, derivatives or analogs thereof; the EATD family, namely SEQ ID NO: 40 or fragments, derivatives or analogs thereof may be used in any combination, in vitro or in vivo, to direct the synthesis or modification of an amino acid, particularly a proline analogue from precursors that are either endogenously present in the host, supplemented to the growth medium, or added to a cell-free, purified or enriched preparation of the said polypeptides. Polypeptides of the HYDE family, namely SEQ ID NO: 32 or fragments, derivatives or analogs thereof; the OXRN family, namely SEQ ID NO: 34 or fragments, derivatives or analogs thereof; the UNIQ family, namely SEQ ID NO: 36 or fragments, derivatives or analogs thereof; the MTFA family, namely SEQ ID NO: 38 or fragments, derivatives or analogs thereof; the HOXF family, namely SEQ ID NO: 46 or fragments, derivatives or analogs thereof; the AAOB family, namely SEQ ID NO: 48 or fragments, derivatives or analogs thereof; the UNIQ family, namely SEQ ID NO: 22 or fragments, derivatives or analogs thereof; the EATD family, namely SEQ ID NO: 40 or fragments, derivatives or analogs thereof may be used in any combination, in vitro or in vivo, to direct the synthesis or modification of an amino acid, particularly an anthranilate or analogue thereof from precursors that are either endogenously present in the host, supplemented to the growth medium, or added to a cell-free, purified or enriched preparation of the said polypeptides. Polypeptides of the ENRP family, namely SEQ ID NO: 16 or fragments, derivatives or analogs thereof; the EFFA family, namely SEQ ID NO: 20 or fragments, derivatives or analogs thereof; the RREA family, namely SEQ ID NO: 50 or fragments, derivatives or analogs thereof; the UNIQ family, namely SEQ ID NO: 22 or fragments, derivatives or analogs thereof; the EATD family, namely SEQ ID NO: 40 or fragments, derivatives or analogs thereof may be used in any combination to confer or enhance resistance to natural products, more specifically to benzodiazepines and even more specifically to anthramycins.

The polypeptides of SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, or fragments, derivatives or analogues thereof comprising at least 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 50, 75, 100, or 150 consecutive amino acids thereof, may also be used to generate antibodies which bind specifically to the polypeptides or fragments, derivatives or analogues. The antibodies generated from SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50 may be used to determine whether a biological sample contains Streptomyces refuineus or a related microorganism.

In such procedures, a biological sample is contacted with an antibody capable of specifically binding to one of the polypeptides of SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, or fragments comprising at least 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 50, 75, 100, or 150 consecutive amino acids thereof. The ability of the biological sample to bind to the antibody is then determined. For example, binding may be determined by labeling the antibody with a detectable label such as a fluorescent agent, an enzymatic label, or a radioisotope. Alternatively, binding of the antibody to the sample may be detected using a secondary antibody having such a detectable label thereon. A variety of assay protocols which may be used to detect the presence of an anthramycin-producer or of Streptomyces refuineus or of polypeptides related to SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, in a sample are familiar to those skilled in the art. Particular assays include ELISA assays, sandwich assays, radioimmunoassays, and Western Blots. Alternatively, antibodies generated from SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, may be used to determine whether a biological sample contains related polypeptides that may be involved in the biosynthesis of natural products of the anthramycin class or other benzodiazepines.

Polyclonal antibodies generated against the polypeptides of SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, or fragments comprising at least 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 50, 75, 100, or 150 consecutive amino acids thereof can be obtained by direct injection of the polypeptides into an animal or by administering the polypeptides to an animal, preferably a nonhuman. The antibody so obtained will then bind the polypeptide itself. In this manner, even a sequence encoding only a fragment of the polypeptide can be used to generate antibodies which may bind to the whole native polypeptide. Such antibodies can then be used to isolate the polypeptide from cells expressing that polypeptide.

For preparation of monoclonal antibodies, any technique which provides antibodies produced by continuous cell line cultures can be used. Examples include the hybridoma technique (Kholer and Milstein, 1975, Nature, 256:495–497), the trioma technique, the human B-cell hybridoma technique (Kozbor et al., 1983, Immunology Today 4:72), and the EBV-hybridoma technique (Cole, et al., 1985, in Monoclonal Antibodies and Cancer Therapy, Alan R. Liss, Inc., pp. 77–96).

Techniques described for the production of single chain antibodies (U.S. Pat. No. 4,946,778) can be adapted to produce single chain antibodies to the polypeptides of SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, or fragments comprising at least 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 50, 75, 100, or 150 consecutive amino acids thereof. Alternatively, transgenic mice may be used to express humanized antibodies to these polypeptides or fragments thereof.

Antibodies generated against the polypeptides of SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, or fragments comprising at least 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 50, 75, 100, or 150 consecutive amino acids thereof may be used in screening for similar polypeptides from a sample containing organisms or cell-free extracts thereof. In such techniques, polypeptides from the sample is contacted with the antibodies and those polypeptides which specifically bind the antibody are detected. Any of the procedures described above may be used to detect antibody binding. One such screening assay is described in “Methods for measuring Cellulase Activities”, Methods in Enzymology, Vol 160, pp. 87–116.

As used herein, the term “nucleic acid codes of SEQ ID NOS: 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51” encompass the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOS: 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51, fragments of SEQ ID NOS: 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51, nucleotide sequences homologous to SEQ ID NOS: 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51, or homologous to fragments of SEQ ID NOS: 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51, and sequences complementary to all of the preceding sequences. The fragments include portions of SEQ ID NOS: 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51, comprising at least 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400 or 500 consecutive nucleotides of SEQ ID NOS: 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51. Preferably, the fragments are novel fragments. Homologous sequences and fragments of SEQ ID NOS: 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51 refer to a sequence having at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 80%, 75% or 70% identity to these sequences. Homology may be determined using any of the computer programs and parameters described herein, including BLASTN and TBLASTX with the default parameters. Homologous sequences also include RNA sequences in which uridines replace the thymines in the nucleic acid codes of SEQ ID NOS: 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51.

The homologous sequences may be obtained using any of the procedures described herein or may result from the correction of a sequencing error. It will be appreciated that the nucleic acid codes of SEQ ID NOS: 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51 can be represented in the traditional single character format in which G, A, T and C denote the guanine, adenine, thymine and cytosine bases of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequence respectively, or in which G, A, U and C denote the guanine, adenine, uracil and cytosine bases of the ribonucleic acid (RNA) sequence (see the inside back cover of Stryer, Biochemistry, 3^(rd) edition, W. H. Freeman & Co., New York) or in any other format which records the identity of the nucleotides in a sequence.

“Polypeptide codes of SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50” encompass the polypeptide sequences of SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50 which are encoded by the nucleic acid sequences of SEQ ID NOS: 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51, polypeptide sequences homologous to the polypeptides of SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, or fragments of any of the preceding sequences. Homologous polypeptide sequences refer to a polypeptide sequence having at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85%, 80%, 75% or 70% identity to one of the polypeptide sequences of SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50. Polypeptide sequence homology may be determined using any of the computer programs and parameters described herein, including BLASTP version 2.2.1 with the default parameters or with any user-specified parameters. The homologous sequences may be obtained using any of the procedures described herein or may result from the correction of a sequencing error. The polypeptide fragments comprise at least 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 50, 75, 100 or 150 consecutive amino acids of the polypeptides of SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50. Preferably the fragments are novel fragments. It will be appreciated that the polypeptide codes of the SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50 can be represented in the traditional single character format or three letter format (see the inside back cover of Stryer, Biochemistry, 3^(rd) edition, W. H. Freeman & Co., New York) or in any other format which relates the identity of the polypeptides in a sequence.

It will be readily appreciated by those skilled in the art that the nucleic acid codes of SEQ ID NOS: 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49 and 51, and the polypeptide codes of SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, and 50 can be stored, recorded and manipulated on any medium which can be read and accessed by a computer. As used herein, the words “recorded” and “stored” refer to a process for storing information on a computer medium. A skilled artisan can readily adopt any of the presently known methods for recording information on a computer readable medium to generate manufactures comprising one or more of the nucleic acid codes of SEQ ID NOS: 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49 and 51, and the polypeptide codes of SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, and 50.

Computer readable media include magnetically readable media, optically readable media, electronically readable media and magnetic/optical media. For example, the computer readable media may be a hard disk, a floppy disk, a magnetic tape, CD-ROM, Digital Versatile Disk (DVD), Random Access Memory (RAM), or Read Only Memory (ROM) as well as other types of media known to those skilled in the art.

The nucleic acid codes of SEQ ID NOS: 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51, a subset thereof, the polypeptide codes of SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, and 50, and a subset thereof may be stored and manipulated in a variety of data processor programs in a variety of formats. For example, one or more of the nucleic acid codes of SEQ ID NOS: 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51, and one or more of the polypeptide codes of SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, and 50 may be stored as ASCII or text in a word processing file, such as MicrosoftWORD or WORDPERFECT in a variety of database programs familiar to those of skill in the art, such as DB2 or ORACLE. In addition, many computer programs and databases may be used as sequence comparers, identifiers or sources of query nucleotide sequences or query polypeptide sequences to be compared to one or more of the nucleic acid codes of SEQ ID NOS: 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49 and 51, and one or more of the polypeptide codes of SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, and 50.

The following list is intended not to limit the invention but to provide guidance to programs and databases useful with one or more of the nucleic acid codes of SEQ ID NOS: 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51, and the polypeptide codes of SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, and 50. The program and databases which may be used include, but are not limited to: MacPattern (EMBL), DiscoveryBase (Molecular Applications Group), GeneMine (Molecular Applications Group) Look (Molecular Applications Group), MacLook (Molecular Applications Group), BLAST and BLAST2 (NCBI), BLASTN and BLASTX (Altschul et al., J. Mol. Biol. 215:403 (1990)), FASTA (Person and Lipman, Proc. Nalt. Acad. Sci. USA, 85:2444 (1988)), FASTDB (Brutlag et al. Comp. App. Biosci. 6-237–245, 1990), Catalyst (Molecular Simulations Inc.), Catalyst/SHAPE (Molecular Simulations Inc.), Cerius².DBAccess (Molecular Simulations Inc.), HypoGen (Molecular Simulations Inc.), Insight II (Molecular Simulations Inc.), Discover (Molecular Simulations Inc.), CHARMm (Molecular Simulations Inc.), Felix (Molecular Simulations Inc.), DelPhi (Molecular Simulations Inc.), QuanteMM (Molecular Simulations Inc.), Homology (Molecular Simulations Inc.), Modeler (Molecular Simulations Inc.), ISIS (Molecular Simulations Inc.), Quanta/Protein Design (Molecular Simulations Inc.), WetLab (Molecular Simulations Inc.), WetLab Diversity Explorer (Molecular Simulations Inc.), Gene Explorer (Molecular Simulations Inc.), SeqFold (Molecular Simulations Inc.), the MDL Available Chemicals Directory database, the MDL Drug Data Report data base, the Comprehensive Medicinal Chemistry database, Derwents' World Drug Index database, the BioByteMasterFile database, the Genbank database, and the Gensyqn database. Many other programs and databases would be apparent to one of skill in the art given the present disclosure.

Embodiments of the present invention include systems, particularly computer systems that store and manipulate the sequence information described herein. As used herein, “a computer system”, refers to the hardware components, software components, and data storage components used to analyze one or more of the nucleic acid codes of SEQ ID NOS: 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, and 51, and the polypeptide codes of SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, and 50.

Preferably, the computer system is a general purpose system that comprises a processor and one or more internal data storage components for storing data, and one or more data retrieving devices for retrieving the data stored on the data storage components. A skilled artisan can readily appreciate that any one of the currently available computer systems are suitable.

The computer system of FIG. 1 illustrates components that be present in a conventional computer system. One skilled in the art will readily appreciate that not all components illustrated in FIG. 1 are required to practice the invention and, likewise, additional components not illustrated in FIG. 1 may be present in a computer system contemplated for use with the invention. Referring to the computer system of FIG. 1, the components are connected to a central system bus 116. The components include a central processing unit 118 with internal 118 and/or external cache memory 120, system memory 122, display adapter 102 connected to a monitor 100, network adapter 126 which may also be referred to as a network interface, internal modem 124, sound adapter 128, IO controller 132 to which may be connected a keyboard 140 and mouse 138, or other suitable input device such as a trackball or tablet, as well as external printer 134, and/or any number of external devices such as external modems, tape storage drives, or disk drives 136. One or more host bus adapters 114 may be connected to the system bus 116. To host bus adapter 114 may optionally be connected one or more storage devices such as disk drives 112 (removable or fixed), floppy drives 110, tape drives 108, digital versatile disk DVD drives 106, and compact disk CD ROM drives 104. The storage devices may operate in read-only mode and/or in read-write mode. The computer system may optionally include multiple central processing units 118, or multiple banks of memory 122. Arrows 142 in FIG. 1 indicate the interconnection of internal components of the computer system. The arrows are illustrative only and do not specify exact connection architecture.

Software for accessing and processing the one or more of the nucleic acid codes of SEQ ID NOS: 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, and 51, and the polypeptide codes of SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, and 50 (such as sequence comparison software, analysis software as well as search tools, annotation tools, and modeling tools etc.) may reside in main memory 122 during execution.

In one embodiment, the computer system further comprises a sequence comparison software for comparing the nucleic acid codes of a query sequence stored on a computer readable medium to a subject sequence which is also stored on a computer readable medium; or for comparing the polypeptide code of a query sequence stored on a computer readable medium to a subject sequence which is also stored on computer readable medium. A “sequence comparison software” refers to one or more programs that are implemented on the computer system to compare nucleotide sequences with other nucleotide sequences stored within the data storage means. The design of one example of a sequence comparison software is provided in FIGS. 2A, 2B, 2C and 2D.

The sequence comparison software will typically employ one or more specialized comparator algorithms. Protein and/or nucleic acid sequence similarities may be evaluated using any of the variety of sequence comparator algorithms and programs known in the art. Such algorithms and programs include, but are no way limited to, TBLASTN, BLASTN, BLASTP, FASTA, TFASTA, CLUSTAL, HMMER, MAST, or other suitable algorithm known to those skilled in the art. (Pearson and Lipman, 1988, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA 85(8): 2444–2448; Altschul et al., 1990, J. Mol. Biol. 215(3):403–410; Thompson et al., 1994, Nucleic Acids Res. 22(2):4673–4680; Higgins et al., 1996, Methods Enzymol. 266:383–402; Altschul et al., 1990, J. Mol. Biol. 215(3):403–410; Altschul et al., 1993, Nature Genetics 3:266–272; Eddy S. R., Bioinformatics 14:755–763, 1998; Bailey T L et a!, J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol May 1997;62(1):29–44). One example of a comparator algorithm is illustrated in FIG. 3. Sequence comparator algorithms identified in this specification are particularly contemplated for use in this aspect of the invention.

The sequence comparison software will typically employ one or more specialized analyzer algorithms. One example of an analyzer algorithm is illustrated in FIG. 4. Any appropriate analyzer algorithm can be used to evaluate similarities, determined by the comparator algorithm, between a query sequence and a subject sequence (referred to herein as a query/subject pair). Based on context specific rules, the annotation of a subject sequence may be assigned to the query sequence. A skilled artisan can readily determine the selection of an appropriate analyzer algorithm and appropriate context specific rules. Analyzer algorithms identified elsewhere in this specification are particularly contemplated for use in this aspect of the invention.

FIGS. 2A, 2B, 2C and 2D together provide a flowchart of one example of a sequence comparison software for comparing query sequences to a subject sequence. The software determines if a gene or set of genes represented by their nucleotide sequence, polypeptide sequence or other representation (the query sequence) is significantly similar to the one or more of the nucleic acid codes of SEQ ID NOS: 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51, and the corresponding polypeptide codes of SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, and 50 of the invention (the subject sequence). The software may be implemented in the C or C++ programming language, Java, Perl or other suitable programming language known to a person skilled in the art.

One or more query sequence(s) are accessed by the program by means of input from the user 210, accessing a database 208 or opening a text file 206 as illustrated in the query initialization subprocess (FIG. 2A). The query initialization subprocess allows one or more query sequence(s) to be loaded into computer memory 122, or under control of the program stored on a disk drive 112 or other storage device in the form of a query sequence array 216. The query array 216 is one or more query nucleotide or polypeptide sequences accompanied by some appropriate identifiers.

A dataset is accessed by the program by means of input from the user 228, accessing a database 226, or opening a text file 224 as illustrated in the subject datasource initialization subprocess (FIG. 2B). The subject data source initialization process refers to the method by which a reference dataset containing one or more sequence selected from the nucleic acid codes of SEQ ID NOS: 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51, and the corresponding polypeptide codes of SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, and 50 is loaded into computer memory 122, or under control of the program stored on a disk drive 112 or other storage device in the form of a subject array 234. The subject array 234 comprises one or more subject nucleotide or polypeptide sequences accompanied by some appropriate identifiers.

The comparison subprocess of FIG. 2C illustrates a process by which the comparator algorithm 238 is invoked by the software for pairwise comparisons between query elements in the query sequence array 216, and subject elements in the subject array 234. The “comparator algorithm” of FIG. 2C refers to the pair-wise comparisons between a query sequence and subject sequence, i.e. a query/subject pair from their respective arrays 216, 234. Comparator algorithm 238 may be any algorithm that acts on a query/subject pair, including but not limited to homology algorithms such as BLAST, Smith Waterman, Fasta, or statistical representation/probabilistic algorithms such as Markov models exemplified by HMMER, or other suitable algorithm known to one skilled in the art. Suitable algorithms would generally require a query/subject pair as input and return a score (an indication of likeness between the query and subject), usually through the use of appropriate statistical methods such as Karlin Altschul statistics used in BLAST, Forward or Viterbi algorithms used in Markov models, or other suitable statistics known to those skilled in the art.

The sequence comparison software of FIG. 2C also comprises a means of analysis of the results of the pair-wise comparisons performed by the comparator algorithm 238. The “analysis subprocess” of FIG. 2C is a process by which the analyzer algorithm 244 is invoked by the software. The “analyzer algorithm” refers to a process by which annotation of a subject is assigned to the query based on query/subject similarity as determined by the comparator algorithm 238 according to context-specific rules coded into the program or dynamically loaded at runtime. Context-specific rules are what the program uses to determine if the annotation of the subject can be assigned to the query given the context of the comparison. These rules allow the software to qualify the overall meaning of the results of the comparator algorithm 238.

In one embodiment, context-specific rules may state that for a set of query sequences to be considered representative of an anthramycin biosynthetic locus, the comparator algorithm 238 must determine that the set of query sequences contains at least five query sequences that shows a statistical similarity to a subject sequence corresponding to the polypeptide codes of SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, and 48. Of course preferred context specific rules may specify a wide variety of thresholds for identifying anthramycin-biosynthetic genes or anthramycin-producing organisms without departing from the scope of the invention. Some thresholds contemplate that at least one query sequence in the set of query sequences show a statistical similarity to the nucleic acid code corresponding to 5, 6, 7, 8 or more of the polypeptide codes of SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, and 50. Other context specific rules set the level of homology required in each of the group may be set at 70%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 98% in regards to any one or more of the subject sequences.

In another embodiment context-specific rules may state that for a query sequence to be considered indicative of an benzodiazepine, the comparator algorithm 238 must determine that the query sequence shows a statistical similarity to subject sequences corresponding to a nucleic acid sequence code for a polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 42 or 44, polypeptides having at least 75% homology to a polypeptide of SEQ ID NOS: 42 or 44 and fragment comprising at least 400 consecutive amino acids of the polypeptides of SEQ ID NOS: 42 and 44. Of course preferred context specific rules may specify a wide variety of thresholds for identifying a bezodiazepine non-ribosomal peptide synthetase protein without departing from the scope of the invention. Some context specific rules set level of homology required of the query sequence at 70%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 98%.

Thus, the analysis subprocess may be employed in conjunction with any other context specific rules and may be adapted to suit different embodiments. The principal function of the analyzer algorithm 244 is to assign meaning or a diagnosis to a query or set of queries based on context specific rules that are application specific and may be changed without altering the overall role of the analyzer algorithm 244.

Finally the sequence comparison software of FIG. 2 comprises a means of returning of the results of the comparisons by the comparator algorithm 238 and analyzed by the analyzer algorithm 244 to the user or process that requested the comparison or comparisons. The “display/report subprocess” of FIG. 2D is the process by which the results of the comparisons by the comparator algorithm 238 and analyses by the analyzer algorithm 244 are returned to the user or process that requested the comparison or comparisons. The results 240, 246 may be written to a file 252, displayed in some user interface such as a console, custom graphical interface, web interface, or other suitable implementation specific interface, or uploaded to some database such as a relational database, or other suitable implementation specific database. Once the results have been returned to the user or process that requested the comparison or comparisons the program exits.

The principle of the sequence comparison software of FIG. 2 is to receive or load a query or queries, receive or load a reference dataset, then run a pair-wise comparison by means of the comparator algorithm 238, then evaluate the results using an analyzer algorithm 244 to arrive at a determination if the query or queries bear significant similarity to the reference sequences, and finally return the results to the user or calling program or process.

FIG. 3 is a flow diagram illustrating one embodiment of comparator algorithm 238 process in a computer for determining whether two sequences are homologous. The comparator algorithm receives a query/subject pair for comparison, performs an appropriate comparison, and returns the pair along with a calculated degree of similarity.

Referring to FIG. 3, the comparison is initiated at the beginning of sequences 304. A match of (x) characters is attempted 306 where (x) is a user specified number. If a match is not found the query sequence is advanced 316 by one character with respect to the subject, and if the end of the query has not been reached 318 another match of (x) characters is attempted 306. Thus if no match has been found the query is incrementally advanced in entirety past the initial position of the subject, once the end of the query is reached 318, the subject pointer is advanced by 1 character and the query pointer is set to the beginning of the query 318. If the end of the subject has been reached and still no matches have been found a null homology result score is assigned 324 and the algorithm returns the pair of sequences along with a null score to the calling process or program. The algorithm then exits 326. If instead a match is found 308, an extension of the matched region is attempted 310 and the match is analyzed statistically 312. The extension may be unidirectional or bidirectional. The algorithm continues in a loop extending the matched region and computing the homology score, giving penalties for mismatches taking into consideration that given the chemical properties of the amino acid side chains not all mismatches are equal. For example a mismatch of a lysine with an arginine both of which have basic side chains receive a lesser penalty than a mismatch between lysine and glutamate which has an acidic side chain. The extension loop stops once the accumulated penalty exceeds some user specified value, or of the end of either sequence is reached 312. The maximal score is stored 314, and the query sequence is advanced 316 by one character with respect to the subject, and if the end of the query has not been reached 318 another match of (x) characters is attempted 306. The process continues until the entire length of the subject has been evaluated for matches to the entire length of the query. All individual scores and alignments are stored 314 by the algorithm and an overall score is computed 324 and stored. The algorithm returns the pair of sequences along with local and global scores to the calling process or program. The algorithm then exits 326.

Comparator algorithm 238 algorithm may be represented in pseudocode as follows:

INPUT: Q[m] : query, m is the length S[n] : subject, n is the length x: x is the size of a segment START: for each i in [1,n] do for each j in [1,m] do if ( j + x − 1 ) <= m and ( i + x −1 ) <= n then if Q(j, j+x−1) = S(i, i+x−1) then k=1; while Q(j, j+x−1+k ) = S(i, i+x−1 + k) do k++; Store highest local homology Compute overall homology score Return local and overall homology scores END.

The comparator algorithm 238 may be written for use on nucleotide sequences, in which case the scoring scheme would be implemented so as to calculate scores and apply penalties based on the chemical nature of nucleotides. The comparator algorithm 238 may also provide for the presence of gaps in the scoring method for nucleotide or polypeptide sequences.

BLAST is one implementation of the comparator algorithm 238. HMMER is another implementation of the comparator algorithm 238 based on Markov model analysis. In a HMMER implementation a query sequence would be compared to a mathematical model representative of a subject sequence or sequences rather than using sequence homology.

FIG. 4 is a flow diagram illustrating an analyzer algorithm 244 process for detecting the presence of an anthramycin biosynthetic locus. The analyzer algorithm of FIG. 4 may be used in the process by which the annotation of a subject is assigned to the query based on their similarity as determined by the comparator algorithm 238 and according to context-specific rules coded into the program or dynamically loaded at runtime. Context sensitive rules are what determines if the annotation of the subject can be assigned to the query given the context of the comparison. Context specific rules set the thresholds for determining the level and quality of similarity that would be accepted in the process of evaluating matched pairs.

The analyzer algorithm 244 receives as its input an array of pairs that had been matched by the comparator algorithm 238. The array consists of at least a query identifier, a subject identifier and the associated value of the measure of their similarity. To determine if a group of query sequences includes sequences diagnostic of an anthramycin biosynthetic gene cluster, a reference or diagnostic array 406 is generated by accessing a data source and retrieving anthramycin specific information 404 relating to nucleic acid codes of SEQ ID NOS: 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51 and the corresponding polypeptide codes of SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, and 50. Diagnostic array 406 consists at least of subject identifiers and their associated annotation. Annotation may include reference to the protein families ATAA, NRPS, AOTF, OXCC, OXCB, OXRC, MTFA, UNKJ, OXBY, HOXY, UNKW, UNKV, OXBD, UNKA, UNIQ, EATD, HYDE, OXRN, UNIQ, MTFA, HOXF, AAOB, UNIQ, EATD, ENRP, EFFA, RREA, UNIQ, and EATD. Annotation may also include information regarding exclusive presence in loci of a specific structural class or may include previously computed matches to other databases, for example databases of motifs.

Once the algorithm has successfully generated or received the two necessary arrays 402, 406, and holds in memory any context specific rules, each matched pair as determined by the comparator algorithm 238 can be evaluated. The algorithm will perform an evaluation 408 of each matched pair and based on the context specific rules confirm or fail to confirm the match as valid 410. In cases of successful confirmation of the match 410 the annotation of the subject is assigned to the query. Results of each comparison are stored 412. The loop ends when the end of the query/subject array is reached. Once all query/subject pairs have been evaluated against one or more of the nucleic acid codes of SEQ ID NOS: 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, and the polypeptide codes of SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, and 50 in the subject array, a final determination can be made if the query set of ORFs represents an anthramycin locus 416. The algorithm then returns the overall diagnosis and an array of characterized query/subject pairs along with supporting evidence to the calling program or process and then terminates 418.

The analyzer algorithm 244 may be configured to dynamically load different diagnostic arrays and context specific rules. It may be used for example in the comparison of query/subject pairs with diagnostic subjects for other biosynthetic pathways, such as benzodiazepine biosynthetic pathways.

Thus one embodiment of the present invention is a computer readable medium having stored thereon a sequence selected from the group consisting of a nucleic acid code of SEQ ID NOS: 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51 and a polypeptide code of SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50. Another aspect of the present invention is a computer readable medium having recorded thereon one or more nucleic acid codes of SEQ ID NOS: 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51, preferably at least 2, 5, 10, 15, or 20 nucleic acid codes of SEQ ID NOS: 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51. Another aspect of the invention is a computer readable medium having recorded thereon one or more of the polypeptide codes of SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, preferably at least 2, 5, 10, 15 or 20 polypeptide codes of SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50.

Another embodiment of the present invention is a computer system comprising a processor and a data storage device wherein said data storage device has stored thereon a reference sequence selected from the group consisting of a nucleic acid code of SEQ ID NOS: 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51 and a polypeptide code of SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50.

Computer readable media include magnetically readable media, optically readable media, electronically readable media and magnetic/optical media. For example, the computer readable media may be a hard disk, a floppy disk, a magnetic tape, CD-ROM, Digital Versatile Disk (DVD), Random Access Memory (RAM), or Read Only Memory (ROM) as well as other types of media known to those skilled in the art.

The present invention will be further described with reference to the following examples; however, it is to be understood that the present invention is not limited to such examples.

EXAMPLE 1 Identification and Sequencing of the Anthramycin Biosynthetic Gene Cluster

Streptomyces refuineus subsp, thermotolerans NRRL 3143 was obtained from the Agricultural Research Service collection (National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, 1815 N. University Street, Peoria, Ill. 61604) and cultured using standard microbiological techniques Kieser et al. (1982) Mol. Gen. Genet. 185(2), 223–228). This organism was propagated on oatmeal agar medium at 28 degrees Celsius for several days. For isolation of high molecular weight genomic DNA, cell mass from three freshly grown, near confluent 100 mm petri dishes was used. The cell mass was collected by gentle scraping with a plastic spatula. Residual agar medium was removed by repeated washes with STE buffer (75 mM NaCl; 20 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0; 25 mM EDTA). High molecular weight DNA was isolated by established protocols (Kieser et al., (1982) Mol. Gen. Genet. 185(2), 223–228) and its integrity was verified by field inversion gel electrophoresis (FIGE) using the preset program number 6 of the FIGE MAPPER™ power supply (BIORAD). This high molecular weight genomic DNA was used to prepare a small size fragment genomic sampling library (GSL) and a large size fragment cluster identification library (CIL). Both libraries contained randomly generated Streptomyces refuineus genomic DNA fragments and were considered representative of the entire genome of this organism.

To generate the GSL library, genomic DNA was randomly sheared by sonication. DNA fragments having a size range between 1.5 and 3 kb were fractionated on a agarose gel and isolated using standard molecular biology techniques (Sambrook at al., supra). The ends of the DNA fragments were repaired using T4 DNA polymerase (Roche) as described by the supplier. T4 DNA polymerase creates DNA fragments with blunt ends that can be subsequently cloned into an appropriate vector. The repaired DNA fragments were subcioned into a derivative of pBluescript SK+vector (STRATAGENE™) which does not allow transcription of cloned DNA fragments. This vector was selected because it contains a convenient polylinker region surrounded by sequences corresponding to universal sequencing primers such as T3, T7, SK, and KS (STRATAGENE™). The unique EcoRV restriction site found in the polylinker region was used as it allows insertion of blunt-end DNA fragments. Ligation of the inserts, use of the ligation products to transform E. coli DH10B (Invitrogen) host and selection for recombinant clones were performed as previously described (Sambrook et aL, supra). Plasmid DNA carrying the Streptomyces refuineus genomic DNA fragments was extracted by the alkaline lysis method (Sambrook et al., supra) and the insert size of 1.5 to 3 kb was confirmed by electrophoresis on agarose gels. Using this procedure, a library of small size random genomic DNA fragments representative of the entire Streptomyces refuineus was generated.

A CIL library was constructed from the Streptomyces refuineus high molecular weight genomic DNA using the SuperCos-1 cosmid vector (STRATAGENE™). The cosmid arms were prepared as specified by the manufacturer. The high molecular weight DNA was subjected to partial digestion at 37 degrees Celsius with approximately one unit of Sau3Al restriction enzyme (New England Biolabs) per 100 micrograms of DNA in the buffer supplied by the manufacturer. This enzyme generates random fragments of DNA ranging from the initial undigested size of the DNA to short fragments of whichthe length is dependent upon the frequency of the enzyme DNA recognition site in the genome and the extent of the DNA digestion. At various timepoints, sliquots of the digestion were transferred to new microfuge tubes and the enzyme was inactivated by adding a final concentration of 10 mM EDTA and 0.1% SDS. Aliquots judged by FIGE analysis to contain a significant fraction of DNA in the desired size range (30–50 kb) were pooled, extracted with phenol/chloroform (1:1 vol:vol), and pelletted by ethanol precipitation. The 5′ ends of Sau3Al DNA fragments were dephosphorylated using alkaline phosphatase (Roche) according to the manufacturer's specifications at 37 degrees Celsius for 30 min. The phosphatase was heat inactivated at 70 degrees Celsius for 10 min and the DNA was extracted with phenollchloroform (1:1 vol:vol), pelletted by ethanol-precipitation, and resuspended in sterile water. The dephosphorylated Sau3Al DNA fragments were then ligated overnight at room temperature to the SuperCos-1 cosmid arms in a reaction containing approximately four-fold molar excess SuperCos-1 cosmid arms. The ligation products were packaged using GIGAPACK® III XL packaging extracts (STRATAGENE™) according to the manufacturer's specifications. The CIL library consisted of 864 isolated cosmid clones in E. coli DH10B (Invitrogen). These clones were picked and inoculated into nine 96-well microtiter plates containing LB broth (per liter of water: 10.0 g NaCl; 10.0 g tryptone; 5.0 g yeast extract) which were grown overnight and then adjusted to contain a final concentration of 25% glycerol. These microtiter plates were stored at −80 degrees Celsius and served as glycerol stocks of the CIL library. Duplicate microtiter plates were arrayed onto nylon membranes as follows. Cultures grown on microtiter plates were concentrated by pelleting and resuspending in a small volume of LB broth. A 3×3 96-pin grid was spotted onto nylon membranes. These membranes representing the complete CIL library were then layered onto LB agar and incubated overnight at 37 degrees Celsius to allow the colonies to grow. The membranes were layered onto filter paper pre-soaked with 0.5 N NaOH/1.5 M NaCl for 10 min to denature the DNA and then neutralized by transferring onto filter paper pre-soaked with 0.5 M Tris (pH 8)/1.5 M NaCl for 10 min. Cell debris was gently scraped off with a plastic spatula and the DNA was crosslinked onto the membranes by UV irradiation using a GS GENE LINKER™ UV Chamber (BIORAD). Considering an average size of 8 Mb for an actinomycete genome and an average size of 35 kb of genomic insert in the CIL library, this library represents roughly a 4-fold coverage of the microorganism's entire genome.

The GSL library was analyzed by sequence determination of the cloned genomic DNA inserts. The universal primers KS or T7, referred to as forward (F) primers, were used to initiate polymerization of labeled DNA. Extension of at least 700 bp from the priming site can be routinely achieved using the TF, BDT v2.0sequencing kit as specified by the supplier (Applied Biosystems). Sequence analysis of the small genomic DNA fragments (Genomic Sequence Tags, GSTs) was performed using a 3700 ABI capillary electrophoresis DNA sequencer (Applied Biosystems). The average length of the DNA sequence reads was ˜700 bp. Further analysis of the obtained GSTs was performed by sequence homology comparison to various protein sequence databases. The DNA sequences of the obtained GSTs were translated into amino acid sequences and compared to the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NOBI) nonredundant protein database and the Decipher™ database of natural product biosynthetic gene (Ecopia BioSciences Inc. St.-Laurent, QC, Canada) using known algorithms (Altschul et al.(1990), J. Mol. Biol., 215(3), 403–410 and (1993), Nature genetics 3, 266–272).

A total of 486 Streptomyces refuineus GSTs were generated and analyzed by sequence comparison using the Blast algorithm (Altschul et al. (1990), J. Mol. Biol., 215(3), 403–410 and (1993), Nature genetics 3, 266–272). Sequence alignments displaying an E value of at least e-5 were considered as significantly homologous and retained for further evaluation. GSTs showing similarity to a gene of interest can be at this point selected and used to identify larger segments of genomic DNA from the CIL library that include the gene(s) of interest. One GST clone identified by Blast analysis as encoding a fragment of a nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) enzyme was selected for the generation of an oligonucleotide probe which was then used to identify the gene cluster harboring this specific NRPS gene(s) in the CIL library.

A total of 486 Streptomyces refuineus GSTs were generated and analyzed by sequence comparison using the Blast algorithm (Altschul et al., supra). Sequence alignments displaying an E value of at least e-5 were considered as significantly homologous and retained for further evaluation. GSTs showing similarity to a gene of interest can be at this point selected and used to identify larger segments of genomic DNA from the CIL library that include the gene(s) of interest. One GST clone identified by Blast analysis as encoding a fragment of a nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) enzyme was selected for the generation of an oligonucleotide probe which was then used to identify the gene cluster harboring this specific NRPS gene(s) in the CIL library.

Hybridization oligonucleotide probes were radiolabeled with P³² using T4 polynucleotide kinase (New England Biolabs) in 15 microliter reactions containing 5 picomoles of oligonucleotide and 6.6 picomoles of [γ-P³²]ATP in the kinase reaction buffer supplied by the manufacturer. After 1 hour at 37 degrees Celsius, the kinase reaction was terminated by the addition of EDTA to a final concentration of 5 mM. The specific activity of the radiolabeled oligonucleotide probes was estimated using a Model 3 Geiger counter (Ludlum Measurements Inc., Sweetwater, Tex.) with a built-in integrator feature. The radiolabeled oligonucleotide probes were heat-denatured by incubation at 85 degrees Celsius for 10 minutes and quick-cooled in an ice bath immediately prior to use.

The CIL library membranes were pretreated by incubation for at least 2 hours at 42 degrees Celsius in Prehyb Solution (6×SSC; 20 mM NaH₂PO₄; 5× Denhardt's; 0.4% SDS; 0.1 mg/ml sonicated, denatured salmon sperm DNA) using a hybridization oven with gentle rotation. The membranes were then placed in Hyb Solution (6×SSC; 20 mM NaH₂PO₄; 0.4% SDS; 0.1 mg/ml sonicated, denatured salmon sperm DNA) containing 1×10⁶ cpm/ml of radiolabeled oligonucleotide probe and incubated overnight at 42 degrees Celsius using a hybridization oven with gentle rotation. The next day, the membranes were washed with Wash Buffer (6×SSC, 0.1% SDS) for 45 minutes each at 46, 48, and 50 degrees Celsius using a hybridization oven with gentle rotation. The membranes were then exposed to X-ray film to visualize and identify the positive cosmid clones. Positive clones were identified, cosmid DNA was extracted from 30 ml cultures using the alkaline lysis method (Sambrook et al., supra) and the inserts were entirely sequenced using a shotgun sequencing approach (Fleischmann et al., 1995 Science, 269:496–512).

Sequencing reads were assembled using the Phred-Phrap™ algorithm (University of Washington, Seattle, USA) recreating the entire DNA sequence of the cosmid insert. Reiterations of hybridizations of the CIL library with probes derived from the ends of the original cosmid allow indefinite extension of sequence information on both sides of the original cosmid sequence until the complete sought-after gene cluster is obtained. To date, two overlapping cosmid clones that were detected by the oligonucleotide probe derived from the original NRPS GST clone have been completely sequenced to provide approximately 60 Kb of information. The sequence of these cosmids and analysis of the proteins encoded by them undoubtedly demonstrated that the gene cluster obtained was indeed responsible for the production of anthramycin, sometimes referred to herein as ANTH. Subsequent inspection of the ANTH biosynthetic cluster sequence (˜60 kb) by Blast analysis with a database of GST sequences revealed that a total of 8 GSTs from the Streptomyces refuineus GSL library were contained within this cluster.

EXAMPLE 2 Genes and Proteins Involved in Biosynthesis of Anthramycin

The anthramycin locus includes the 32, 539 base pairs provided in SEQ ID NO: 1 and contains the 25 ORFs provided SEQ ID NOS: 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51. More than 15 kilobases of DNA sequence were analyzed on each side of the anthramycin locus and these regions contain primary metabolic genes. The accompanying sequence listing provides the nucleotide sequence of the 25 ORFs regulating the biosynthesis of anthramycin and the corresponding deduced polypeptides, wherein ORF 1 (SEQ ID NO: 3) represents the polynucleotide drawn from residues 1863 to 1 (antisense strand) of SEQ ID NO: 1, and SEQ ID NO: 2 represents the polypeptide deduced from SEQ ID NO: 3; ORF 2 (SEQ ID NOS: 5) represents the polynucleotide drawn from residues 3388 to 1886 (antisense strand) of SEQ ID NO: 1 and SEQ ID NO: 4 represents the polypeptide deduced from SEQ ID NO: 5; ORF 3 (SEQ ID NOS: 7) represents the polynucleotide drawn from residues 4449 to 3385 (antisense strand) of SEQ ID NO: 1 and SEQ ID NO: 6 represents the polypeptide deduced from SEQ ID NO: 7; ORF 4 (SEQ ID NOS: 9) represents the polynucleotide drawn from residues 5703 to 4471 (antisense strand) of SEQ ID NO: 1 and SEQ ID NO: 8 represents the polypeptide deduced from SEQ ID NO: 9; ORF 5 (SEQ ID NOS: 11) represents the polynucleotide drawn from residues 6758 to 5700 (antisense strand) of SEQ ID NO: 1 and SEQ ID NO: 10 represents the polypeptide deduced from SEQ ID NO: 11; ORF 6 (SEQ ID NOS: 13) represents the polynucleotide drawn from residues 8657 to 6792 (antisense strand) of SEQ ID NO: 1 and SEQ ID NO: 12 represents the polypeptide deduced from SEQ ID NO: 13; ORF 7 (SEQ ID NOS: 15) represents the polynucleotide drawn from residues 10117 to 8654 (antisense strand) of SEQ ID NO: 1 and SEQ ID NO: 14 represents the polypeptide deduced from SEQ ID NO: 15; ORF 8 (SEQ ID NOS: 17) represents the polynucleotide drawn from residues 10517 to 12811 (sense strand) of SEQ ID NO: 1 and SEQ ID NO: 16 represents the polypeptide deduced from SEQ ID NO: 17; ORF 9 (SEQ ID NOS: 19) represents the polynucleotide drawn from residues 12858 to 13628 (sense strand) of SEQ ID NO: 1 and SEQ ID NO: 18 represents the polypeptide deduced from SEQ ID NO: 19; ORF 10 (SEQ ID NOS: 21) represents the polynucleotide drawn from residues 13657 to 14850 (sense strand) of SEQ ID NO: 1 and SEQ ID NO: 20 represents the polypeptide deduced from SEQ ID NO: 21; ORF 11 (SEQ ID NOS: 23) represents the polynucleotide drawn from residues 14970 to 15239 (sense strand) of SEQ ID NO: 1 and SEQ ID NO: 22 represents the polypeptide deduced from SEQ ID NO: 23; ORF 12 (SEQ ID NOS: 25) represents the polynucleotide drawn from residues 15323 to 15832 (sense strand) of SEQ ID NO: 1 and SEQ ID NO: 24 represents the polypeptide deduced from SEQ ID NO: 25; ORF 13 (SEQ ID NOS: 27) represents the polynucleotide drawn from residues 15829 to 16737 (sense strand) of SEQ ID NO: 1 and SEQ ID NO: 26 represents the polypeptide deduced from SEQ ID NO: 27; ORF 14 (SEQ ID NOS: 29) represents the polynucleotide drawn from residues 16734 to 17627 (sense strand) of SEQ ID NO: 1 and SEQ ID NO: 28 represents the polypeptide deduced from SEQ ID NO: 29; ORF 15 (SEQ ID NOS: 31) represents the polynucleotide drawn from residues 17624 to 18448 (sense strand) of SEQ ID NO: 1 and SEQ ID NO: 30 represents the polypeptide deduced from SEQ ID NO: 31; ORF 16 (SEQ ID NOS: 33) represents the polynucleotide drawn from residues 18445 to 19686 (sense strand) of SEQ ID NO: 1 and SEQ ID NO: 32 represents the polypeptide deduced from SEQ ID NO: 33; ORF 17 (SEQ ID NOS: 35) represents the polynucleotide drawn from residues 19697 to 20482 (sense strand) of SEQ ID NO: 1 and SEQ ID NO: 34 represents the polypeptide deduced from SEQ ID NO: 35; ORF 18 (SEQ ID NOS: 37) represents the polynucleotide drawn from residues 20517 to 20693 (sense strand) of SEQ ID NO: 1 and SEQ ID NO: 36 represents the polypeptide deduced from SEQ ID NO: 37; ORF 19 (SEQ ID NOS: 39) represents the polynucleotide drawn from residues 20690 to 21733 (sense strand) of SEQ ID NO: 1 and SEQ ID NO: 38 represents the polypeptide deduced from SEQ ID NO: 39; ORF 20 (SEQ ID NOS: 41) represents the polynucleotide drawn from residues 21726 to 22616 (sense strand) of SEQ ID NO: 1 and SEQ ID NO: 40 represents the polypeptide deduced from SEQ ID NO: 41; ORF 21 (SEQ ID NOS: 43) represents the polynucleotide drawn from residues 22613 to 24415 (sense strand) of SEQ ID NO: 1 and SEQ ID NO: 42 represents the polypeptide deduced from SEQ ID NO: 43; ORF 22 (SEQ ID NOS: 45) represents the polynucleotide drawn from residues 24417 to 28757 (sense strand) of SEQ ID NO: 1 and SEQ ID NO: 44 represents the polypeptide deduced from SEQ ID NO: 45; ORF 23 (SEQ ID NOS: 47) represents the polynucleotide drawn from residues 28774 to 30138 (sense strand) of SEQ ID NO: 1 and SEQ ID NO: 46 represents the polypeptide deduced from SEQ ID NO: 47; ORF 24 (SEQ ID NOS: 49) represents the polynucleotide drawn from residues 31687 to 30251 (antisense strand) of SEQ ID NO: 1 and SEQ ID NO: 48 represents the polypeptide deduced from SEQ ID NO: 49; ORF 25 (SEQ ID NOS: 51) represents the polynucleotide drawn from residues 32539 to 31718 (antisense strand) of SEQ ID NO: 1 and SEQ ID NO: 50 represents the polypeptide deduced from SEQ ID NO: 51.

Some open reading frames listed herein initiate with non-standard initiation codons (e.g. GTG—Valine or CTG—Leucine) rather than the standard initiation codon ATG, namely ORFs 2, 3, 4, 9, 11, 12, 13, 15, 19, 23, 24 and 25. All ORFs are listed with the appropriate M, V or L amino acids at the amino-terminal position to indicate the specificity of the first codon of the ORF. It is expected, however, that in all cases the biosynthesized protein will contain a methionine residue, and more specifically a formylmethionine residue, at the amino terminal position, in keeping with the widely accepted principle that protein synthesis in bacteria initiates with methionine (formylmethionine) even when the encoding gene specifies a non-standard initiation codon (e.g. Stryer, Biochemistry 3^(rd) edition, 1998, W. H. Freeman and Co., New York, pp. 752–754).

Two deposits, namely E. Coli DH10B (024CA) strain and E. coli DH10B (024CO) strain each harbouring a cosmid clone of a partial biosynthetic locus for anthramycin from Streptomyces refuineus subsp. thermotolerans have been deposited with the International Depositary Authority of Canada, Bureau of Microbiology, Health Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 3R2 on Jun. 4, 2002 and were assigned deposit accession number IDAC 040602-1 and 040602-2 respectively. The E. coli strain deposits are referred to herein as “the deposited strains”.

The cosmids harbored in the deposited strains comprise a complete biosynthetic locus for anthramycin. The sequence of the polynucleotides comprised in the deposited strains, as well as the amino acid sequence of any polypeptide encoded thereby are controlling in the event of any conflict with any description of sequences herein.

The deposit of the deposited strains has been made under the terms of the Budapest Treaty on the International Recognition of the Deposit of Micro-organisms for Purposes of Patent Procedure. The deposited strains will be irrevocably and without restriction or condition released to the public upon the issuance of a patent. The deposited strains are provided merely as convenience to those skilled in the art and are not an admission that a deposit is required for enablement, such as that required under 35 U.S.C. §112. A license may be required to make, use or sell the deposited strains, and compounds derived therefrom, and no such license is hereby granted.

The order and relative position of the 25 open reading frames and the corresponding polypeptides of the biosynthetic locus for anthramycin are provided in FIG. 6. The arrows represent the orientatation of the ORFs of the anthramycin biosynthetic locus. The top line in FIG. 6 provides a scale in kilobase pairs. The black bars depict the part of the locus covered by each of the deposited cosmids 024CA and 024CO.

In order to identify the function of the genes in the anthramycin locus, SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50 were compared, using the BLASTP version 2.2.1 algorithm with the default parameters, to sequences in the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) nonredundant protein database and the DECIPHER™ database of microbial genes, pathways and natural products (Ecopia BioSciences Inc. St.-Laurent, QC, Canada).

The accession numbers of the top GenBank hits of this BLAST analysis are presented in Table 2 along with the corresponding E value. The E value relates the expected number of chance alignments with an alignment score at least equal to the observed alignment score. An E value of 0.00 indicates a perfect homolog or nearly perfect homolog. The E values are calculated as described in Altschul et al. J. Mol. Biol., Oct. 5, 1990; 215(3)403–10, the teachings of which is incorporated herein by reference. The E value assists in the determination of whether two sequences display sufficient similarity to justify an inference of homology.

TABLE 2 ORF SEQ no. ID NO: Family #aa GenBank homology probability % identity % similarity proposed function of GenBank match 1 2 AOTF 620 BAB12569.1,609aa 1e-166 326/620 (52.58%) 387/620 (62.42%) asparagine synthase homolog, Streptomyces aureofaciens NP_248741.1,610aa 1e-146 278/618 (44.98%) 371/618 (60.03%) probable glutamine amidotransferase, Pseudomonas aeruginosa AAF17502.1,610aa 1e-145 276/619 (44.59%) 367/619 (59.29%) PhzH, Pseudomonas chlororaphis 2 4 OXCC 500 CAD30313.1,494aa 1e-124 242/480 (50.42%) 297/480 (61.88%) aldehyde dehydrogenase, Geobacillus stearothermophillus NP_241405.1,498aa 1e-116 229/485 (47.22%) 295/485 (60.82%) NADP-dependent aldehyde dehydrogenase, Bacillus halodurans NP_389813.1495aa 1e-115 225/483 (46.58%) 288/483 (59.63%) aldehyde dehydrogenase, Bacillus sublilus 3 6 OXCB 354 NP_532825.1,347aa 8a-72 144/318 (45.28%) 186/318 (58.49%) alcohol dehydrogenase, Agrobacterium tumefaciens NP_643135.1,356aa 2e-69 144/318 (45.28%) 178/318 (55.97%) alcohol dehydrogenase, Xanthomonas axonopodis NP_102793.1,346aa 5e-69 136/318 (42.77%) 183/318 (57.55%) alcohol dehydrogenas, Mesorhizobium loti 4 8 OXRC 410 BAA23268.1,397aa 6e-88 170/388 (43.81%) 234/388 (60.31%) hypothetical protein, Nocardlofdes sp. AAL25730.1,400aa 5e-87 167/385 (43.38%) 226/385 (58.7%)  EthB, Rhodococcus ruber NP_627830.1,411aa 3e-41 125/412 (30.34%) 180/412 (43.69%) putative cytochrome P-450 hydroxylase, Streptomyces coelicolor 5 10 MTFA 352 S44970,318aa 1e-135 233/318 (73.27%) 257/318 (80.82%) ImbW protein, Streptomyces lincolnensis 6 12 UNKJ 621 S19874,601aa 0.0 434/603 (71.97%) 476/603 (78.94%) lincomycin-condensing protein ImbA, Streptomyces lincolnensis NP_630529.1,647aa 1e-151 304/642 (47.35%) 377/642 (58.72%) putative gamma-glutamyl transferase, Streptomyces coelicolor AAG42852.1,621aa 1e-150 298/623 (47.83%) 372/623 (59.71%) putative gamma-glutamyl transferase, Streptomyces nogalater 7 14 OXBY 487 P46377,438aa 3e-53 135/440 (30.68%) 203/440 (46.14%) hypothetical oxidoreductase, Rhodococcus fascians Q9LDE6,532aa 1e-34 154/500 (30.8%)  212/500 (42.4%)  probable cytokinin oxidase precursor, Oryza saliva AAG30907.1,524aa 2e-30 126/495 (25.45%) 205/495 (41.41%) cytokinin oxidase, Arabidopsis thallana 8 16 ENRP 764 NP_630792.1,752aa 0.0 470/748 (62.83%) 569/748 (76.07%) UvrA-like ABC transporter, Streptomyces coelicolor AAB39274.1,764aa 0.0 415/748 (55.48%) 540/748 (72.19%) daunorubicin resistance protein, Streptomyces peucetius NP_465574.1,746aa 0.0 388/744 (52.15%) 544/744 (73.12%) probable excinuclease ABC, Listeria monocytogenes 9 18 HOXY 256 NP_624595.1,263aa 4e-11  66/243 (27.16%)  97/243 (39.92%) putative hydroxylase, Streptomyces coelicolor NP_386943.1,253aa 9e-10  60/252 (23.81%)  90/252 (35.71%) hypothetical protein, Sinorhizobium meliloti NP_630787.1263aa 1e-08  60/252 (23.81%)  99/252 (39.29%) putative hydroxylase, Streptomyces coelicolor 10 20 EFFA 397 NP_252026.1,388aa 1e-72 158/391 (40.41%) 209/391 (53.45%) probable transporter, Pseudomonas aeruginosa NP_631570.1,403aa 5e-54 126/377 (33.42%) 180/377 (47.75%) chloramphenicol resistance protein, Streptomyces coelicolor AAB36568.1,436aa 1e-48 120/378 (31.75%) 178/378 (47.09%) chloramphenicol resistance protein, Streptomyces venezuelae 11 22 UNIQ 89 No homolog by blastp in GenBank nr protein database 12 24 UNKW 169 S44948,158aa 5e-24  59/143 (41.26%)  76/143 (53.15%) ImbB1 protein, Streptomyces lincolnensis 13 26 UNKV 302 S44949,317aa 3e-34  87/199 (43.72%) 112/199 (56.28%) ImbB2 protein, Streptomyces lincolnensis 14 28 OXBD 297 S44973,295aa 4e-75 138/287 (48.08%) 173/287 (60.28%) ImbY protein, Streptomyces lincolnensis NP_628135.1,320aa 1e-58 128/301 (42.52%) 165/301 (54.82%) hypothetical protein, Streptomyces coelicolor NP_216371.1,307aa 8e-11  60/222 (27.03%)  91/222 (40.99%) hypothetical protein, Mycobacterium tuberculosis 15 30 UNKA 274 S44972,296aa 9e-11  66/209 (31.58%)  76/209 (36.36%) ImbX protein, Streptomyces lincolnensis 16 32 HYDE 413 NP_627839.1,410aa 3e-75 164/393 (41.73%) 218/393 (55.47%) putative hydrolase Streptomyces coelicolor NP_518880.1,417aa 3e-66 140/373 (37.53%) 208/373 (55.76%) probable hydrolase, Ralstonia solanacearum NP_102390.1,415aa 2e-64 146/378 (38.62%) 204/378 (53.97%) probable kyurenine hydrolase, Mesorhizobium loti 17 34 OXRN 261 NP_518879.1,294aa 7e-39  88/262 (33.59%) 135/262 (51.53%) putative oxidoreductase, Ralstonia solanacearum NP_421682.1,263aa 2e-38  86/257 (33.46%) 136/257 (52.92%) hypothetical protein, Caulobacter crescentus NP_627840.1,271aa 8e-35  88/257 (34.24%) 126/257 (49.03%) putative oxidoreductase, Streptomyces coelicolor 18 36 UNIQ 56 No homolog by blastp in GenBank nr protein database 19 38 MTFA 347 AAM33664.1,343aa 2e-21  84/323 (26.01%) 132/323 (40.87%) methyltransferase, Streptomyces sp. P39896,339aa 9e-17  57/159 (35.85%)  78/159 (49.06%) O-methyltransferase, Streptomyces glaucescens P10950,345aa 4e-15  69/245 (28.16%) 106/245 (43.27%) hydroxyindole O-methyltransferase, Bos taurus 20 40 EATD 296 BAB32459.1,289aa 5e-24  83/287 (28.92%) 117/287 (40.77%) hypothetical protein, Pseudomonas sp. NP_435384.1,281aa 2e-16  74/263 (28.14%)  99/263 (37.64%) hypothetical protein, Sinorhizobium meliloti NP_106326.1,309aa 3e-14  61/241 (25.31%)  93/241 (38.59%) hypothetical protein, Mesorhizobium loti 21 42 ATAA 600 T17484,4077aa 3e-76 197/576 (34.2%)  285/576 (49.48%) hypothetical protein; Amycolatopsis orientalis CAB93684.1,1086aa 2e-74 212/585 (36.24%) 290/585 (49.57%) tripeptide synthetase, Streptomyces viridochromogenes NP_627443.1,7463aa 1e-73 210/609 (34.48%) 289/609 (47.45%) CDA peptide synthetase I, Streptomyces coelicolor 22 44 NRPS 1446 AAK57184.1,151aa 1e-140  445/1460 (30.48%)  658/1460 (45.07%) MxaA, Stigmatella aurantlaca BAB69380.1,1440aa 1e-111  426/1482 (28.74%)  588/1482 (39.68%) non-ribosomal peptide synthetase, Streptomyces avermitilis T18562,2605aa 1e-111  429/1485 (28.89%)  617/1485 (41.55%) saframycin Mx1 synthetase A, Myxococcus xanthus 23 46 HOXF 454 NP_506025.1,461aa 9e-42 128/435 (29.43%) 198/435 (45.52%) monoxygenase, Caenorhabdltis elegans AAF80481.1,478aa 1e-40 128/418 (30.62%) 194/418 (46.41%) L-kynurenine 3-monoxygenase, Sus scrofa XP_050663.1,486aa 2e-40 129/426 (30.28%) 196/426 (46.01%) kynurenine 3-hydroxylase, Homo sapiens 24 48 AAOB 478 NP_389783.1,446aa 9e-32 127/458 (27.73%) 200/458 (43.67%) putative L-amino acid oxidase, Bacillus subtilis CAA88452.1,495aa 8e-26 119/464 (25.65%) 193/464 (41.59%) L-amino acid oxidase, Synechococcus sp. CAA72047.1,485aa 1e-25 129/502 (25.7%)  215/502 (42.83%) hypothetical protein, Bacillus cereus 25 50 RREA 273 AAB36584.1,234aa 3e-45 101/234 (43.16%) 142/234 (60.68%) JadR1, Streptomyces venezuelae NP_561558.1,231aa 1e-25 79/229 (34.5%)  119/229 (51.97%) response regulator, Clostridium perfringens NP_627235.1,229aa 5e-25  78/224 (34.82%) 120/224 (53.57%) putative response regulator, Streptomyces coelicolor

EXAMPLE 3 Formation of Anthramycin

The chemical structure of anthramycin contains an aromatic ring (ring A in FIG. 5), a 7-member diazepine ring (ring B in FIG. 5) and a proline-like ring (ring C in FIG. 5). The genes and proteins of the invention explain formation of anthramycin. The aromatic ring of anthramycin is derived from the amino acid L-tryptophan and the proline-like ring of anthramycin is derived from the amino acid L-tyroslne via the intermediates shown in FIG. 5. Twelve genes, ORFs 1 to 7, 9 and 12 to 15 (SEQ ID NOS: 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 19, 25, 27, 29 and 31 respectively), encode enzymes involved in transformation of L-tyrosine into the proline-like precursor that forms the C-ring of anthramycin. Six genes, ORFs 16 to 19, 23 and 24 (SEQ ID NOS: 33, 35, 37, 39, 47 and 49) encode enzymes involved in the conversion of L-tryptophan into the substituted anthanilate precursor that becomes the aromatic-ring of the compound. Two genes, ORFs 21 and 22 (SEQ ID NOS: 43 and 45) encode nonribosomal peptide synthetases and are responsible for activating and joining the two precursors and creating the benzodiazepine ring.

Based upon precursor feeding studies, a model has been proposed for the biosynthesis of the 2-carbon and 3-carbon proline units of the anthramycin group antibiotics and a similar structural unit found in another class of antibiotics, the lincomycins (Hurley et al., 1979, Biochemistry 18:4230–4237; Brahme et al., 1984, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 106:7873–7878; Kuo et al., 1992, J. Antibiot. 45:1773–1777). Without intending to be limited to any particular biosynthetic schemes or mechanism of action, the genes of the invention can explain formation of anthramycin in a manner consistent with the precursor feeding studies.

The gene products of ORFs 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 12, 13, 14 and 15 (SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 18, 24, 26, 28 and 30 respectively) are invoked in the formation of the 3-carbon proline-like substructure found in anthramycin. FIG. 7 illustrates a scheme for formation of the early stage precursors of the 2- and 3-carbon proline-like moieties found in the anthramycins and the lincomycins; the biosynthetic pathways for anthramycin and lincomycin diverge after the formation of a common intermediate (VIIII) of FIG. 7. The gene products of ORFs 5, 6, 12, 13, 14 and 15 (SEQ ID NOS: 10, 12, 24, 26, 28 and 30 respectively) encode proteins that are similar in amino acid sequence to proteins encoded by the lincomycin biosynthetic locus (GenBank accession X79146) and can be assigned to biosynthetic steps leading to the formation of common intermediate VIII of FIG. 7. The gene products of ORFs 1, 2, 3, 4, 7 and 9 (SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4, 6, 8, 14 and 18) show no significant similarity to proteins encoded by the lincornycin biosynthetic locus and are expected to catalyze the reactions leading from the common biosynthetic intermediate to the anthramycins, as illustrated in FIG. 8.

Referring to FIG. 7, L-tyrosine (I) is hydroxylated to L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA, II) by ORF 13 protein (SEQ ID NOS: 26), a protein with strong homology to the lincornycin LmbB2 protein which has been proposed to catalyze the 3-hydroxylation of tyrosine (Neusser et at, 1998, Arch. Microbiol. 169:322–332). Proximal extradiol cleavage of the DOPA aromatic ring to generate compound III is catalyzed by the ORF 12 protein (SEQ ID NO: 24) which shows homology to lincomycin LmbB1 L-DOPA extradiol-cleaving 2,3-dioxygenase. Ring cleavage is followed by a condensation reaction to form a Schiff's base between the alpha-amino group and the aldehydic group of (III) to generate the five-membered ring and a conjugated enol system (IV). The conjugated enol then undergoes enolization to yield the aipha-keto acid (V), which in turn loses 2 carbon atoms in a stepwise fashion to form the diene (VI) through the action of the ORF 15 protein (SEQ ID NOS: 30), which shows homology to the lincomycin Lmbx protein and the PhzF protein involved in phenazine biosynthesis. The diene (VI) undergoes a 1,4-addition reaction resulting in the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosyl methionine in a reaction catalyzed by the ORF 5 protein (SEQ ID NO: 10), a protein with strong homology to the lincomycin LmbW methyltransferase. Finally, the diene (VII) is converted to the biosynthetic pathway branchpoint intermediate (VIII) by the ORF 14 reductase (SEQ ID NO: 28), which shows homology to the lincomycin LmbY reductase and to many N5,N10-methylene-tetrahydromethanopterin reductases found in methanogenic archaebacteria. The ORF 14 protein (SEQ ID NO: 28) and the LmbY proteins are reductase enzymes that are expected to utilize a special flavin cofactor referred to as the lincomycin cosynthetic factor or LCF (Kuo et al., 1989, J. Antibiot. 42:475–478). The LCF is identical in structure to the 7,8-didemethyl-8-hydroxy-5-deazariboflavin component of the redox coenzyme F420 of methanogens, which in its active form contains a gamma-glutamyl moiety in its side chain (Peschke et al., 1995, Molec. Microbiol. 15:1137–1156). Thus the ORF 6 protein (SEQ ID NO: 12), which shows homology to the lincomycin LmbA protein and to many bacterial gamma-glutamyltransferases, is likely to generate the active form of the unusual F420 flavanoid cofactor used by the ORF 14 reductase (SEQ ID NO: 28).

FIG. 8 illustrates a scheme from intermediate (VIII) to the anthramycins, involving ORFs 1, 2, 3, 4, 7 and 9 (SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4, 6, 8, 14 and 18). ORFs 1, 2, 3, 4, 7 and 9 (SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4, 6, 8, 14 and 18) show no significant similarity to proteins encoded by the lincomycin biosynthetic locus. The ORF 4 protein (SEQ ID NO: 2) is similar to many bacterial cytochrome P450 monooxygenases. The ORF 7 protein (SEQ ID NO: 14) is a flavin-dependent oxidase that is similar to many plant cytokiniri oxidases. The ORF 9 protein (SEQ ID NO: 18) shows homology to putative bacterial hydroxylases and to the daunorubicin DnrV protein, which has been shown to cooperate with the daunorubicin DoxA in the hydroxylation of daunorubicin biosynthetic intermediates (Lomovskaya at al., 1999, J. Bacteriol. 181:305–318). The ORF 4, ORF 7 and ORF 9 proteins (SEQ ID NOS: 8, 14 and 18) are expected to act individually or in concert to catalyze the hydroxylatlon of the allylic carbon of (VIII) to generate the alcohol (IX) followed by the subsequent elimination of water to generate the diene (X). The ORF 4 protein (SEQ ID NO: 8), either alone or in combination with the ORF 9 protein (SEQ ID NO: 18), is expected to catalyze the hydroxylation of the allylic carbon of (X) to generate the alcohol (XI). The ORF 3 protein (SEQ ID NO: 6) shows homology to many bacterial zinc-binding, NADP-dependent alcohol dehydrogenases and catalyzes the oxidation of the alcohol (XI) to the aldehyde (XII). The ORF 2 protein (SEQ ID NO: 4) is similar to many bacterial and eukaryotic NAD-dependent aldehyde dehydrogenases, and catalyzes the oxidation of the aldehyde (XII) to generate the carboxylic acid (XIII). Finally, the ORF 1 protein (SEQ ID NO: 2), which shows homology to many glutamine-dependent asparagine synthetases, catalyzes the transfer of the amine group of glutamine to the carboxylic acid (XIII) to generate the carbamide intermediate (XIV).

Biosynthetic precursor feeding studies, suggest that the anthranilate moiety of the anthramycins is generated via the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan catabolism (Hurley et at, 1975, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 97:4372–4378; Hurley and Gairola, 1979, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 15:42–45). ORFs 16, 17, 18, 19, 23 and 24 (SEQ ID NOS: 32, 34, 38, 38, 46 and 48) are expected to be involved in the formation of the anthranilate precursor, as indicated in the scheme illustrated in FIG. 9. The ORF 17 protein (SEQ ID NO: 34) is similar to many tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenases and catalyzes the cleavage of the pyrrole ring of tryptophan to generate N-formylkynurenine. The ORF 24 protein (SEQ ID NO: 48) is similar to many prokaryotic and eukaryotic FAD-binding amine oxidases including L-amino acid oxicfases and may catalyze the oxidative defomiylation of N-formylkynurenine to generate L-kynurenine. The ORF 23 protein (SEQ ID NO: 46)is a flavin-dependent monooxygenase similar to mammalian L-kynurenine 3-monooxygenases and catalyzes the conversion of L-kynurenine to 3-hydroxykynurenine. The ORF 16 protein (SEQ ID NO: 32) is a pyridoxal phosphate-dependent kynureninase similar to many prokaryoticand eukaryotic kynurenine hydrolases and catalyzes the cleavage of 3-hydroxykynurenine to generate 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid and L-alanine. The ORF 19 protein (SEQ ID NO: 38) is a S-adenosylmethionine-dependent methyltransferase similar to many bacterial methyltransferases involved in secondary metabolism as well as mammalian hydroxyindole O-methyltransferases, and catalyzes the methylation of 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid to generate 3-hydroxy-4-methylanzhranllic acid. The ORF 18 protein (SEQ ID NO: 36) encodes a small protein with a cluster of cysteine and histidine residues that may be involved in binding metals. The ORF 18 protein (SEQ ID NO: 36) is expected to be involved in the biosynthesis of the 3-hydroxy-4-methylanthranilic acid precursor, as it is transcriptionally coupled to the other ORFs in this pathway.

The ORF 21 protein (SEQ ID NO: 42) has two domains; an A domain and a T domain, and is similar to bacterial adenylate ligases that activate aromatic carboxylic acid precursors. The A domain of the ORF 21 protein (SEQ ID NO: 42) is unusual in containing an alanine residue at a position of the protein that is normally occupied by an aspartate residue in other A domains. X-ray crystal structure studies indicate that the highly conserved aspartate residue is involved in forming a salt-bridge with the free amine on the alpha carbon of amino acid substrates. The substitution of the highly conserved aspartate is only found in A domains that activate carboxylic acids that lack an amino group at the alpha carbon. The substitution of the highly conserved aspartate residue in the ORF 21 (SEQ ID NO: 42) A domain is consistent with the activation of a substituted anthranilate substrate, as this substrate has no amino group at the alpha carbon.

The ORF 21 and ORF 22 proteins (SEQ ID NOS: 42 and 44) encode the components of a simple peptide synthetase system responsible for activating and joining a praline-like substrate and a substituted anthranilate substrate. As illustrated in FIG. 10, the A domain of ORF 21 (SEQ ID NO: 42) activates an anthranilate substrate and tethers it to the T domain of the protein. The A domain of the ORF 21 protein (SEQ ID NO: 42) is similar to the A domains of other bacterial adenylate ligases that activate aromatic carboxylic acid precursors. These A domains differ from those of other peptide synthetase A domains in carrying a substitution of a highly conserved aspartate residue that interacts with the amino group located at the alpha carbon of amino acid substrates (see FIG. 12; May et al., 2001, J. Biol. Chem. 276:7209–7217). The substitution of this highly conserved residue in the ORF 21 (SEQ ID NO: 42) A domain is consistent with the activation of substituted anthranilate substrates, as these substrates have no amino group at the alpha carbon. The ORF 22 protein (SEQ ID NO: 44) contains four domains, a C domain, an A domain, a T domain and a reduotase domain. The A domain of the ORF 22 protein activates a proline-like substrate and tethers it to the T domain of the protein. The C domain of the ORF 22 protein (SEQ ID NO: 44) catalyzes the formation of an amide linkage between two substrates tethered to the T domains of the ORF 21 and ORF 22 synthetases (SEQ ID NOS: 42 and 44) as indicated in step 1 of FIG. 10. The reductase domain of ORF 22 (SEQ ID NO: 44) is similar to the reductase domains in other peptide synthetases that catalyze the reductive release of peptide intermediates (see FIG. 11; Keating et al., 2001, Chembiochem 2:99–107). The reductase domain of ORF 22 (SEQ ID NO: 44) catalyzes the NAD(P)-dependent reductive release of the dipepticte intermediate from the T domain of the protein (step 2 in FIG. 10), generating a free peptidyl aldehyde that undergoes spontaneous condensation of the primary amine with the reactive aldehyde carbonyl to form the diazepine ring (step 3 in FIG. 10).

The ORF 8 protein (SEQ ID NO: 16) is expected to confer upon the producing organism resistance to the toxic effects of anthramycin. The ORF 8 protein (SEQ ID NO: 16) shows strong homology to UvrA subunits of bacterial ABC excinucleases and the DrrC daunorubicin resistance protein. Purified E. coli UvrA and UvrB proteins have been shown to reverse the formation of anthramycin-DNA adducts in vitro (Tang et al., 1991, J. Mol. Biol. 220:855–866). The DrrC protein has been proposed to bind to DNA regions intercalated by daunorubicin and thereby release the drug from DNA or block its ability to damage DNA (Furuya and Hutchinson, 1998, FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 168:243–249). Similarly, the ORF 8 protein (SEQ ID NO: 16) may act together with the cellular UvrB protein to reverse or prevent DNA damage that may result from the production of anthramycin or its intermediates.

The ORF 10 protein (SEQ ID NO: 20) is a membrane-associated protein that is expected to be involved in anthramycin efflux. The ORF 10 protein (SEQ ID NO: 20) is similar to many bacterial chloramphenicol resistance transporters involved in conferring resistance to the antibiotic chloramphenicol, as well as to some bacterial membrane transport proteins of the major facilitator superfamily of sugar transporters.

The ORF 25 protein (SEQ ID NO: 50) is expected to be involved in the regulation of anthramycin biosynthesis. ORF 25 (SEQ ID NO: 50) shows similarity to a number of response regulator receiver domain proteins involved in transcriptional regulation of gene expression in response to environmental or cellular signals.

The ORF 20 protein is expected to function as an esterase, as the protein contains histidine (aa 76) and serine residues (at amino acid positions 76 and 149, respectively) found in the active sites of many prokaryotic and eukaryotic esterases.

EXAMPLE 4 In vitro production of 1,4-benzopiazepine-2,5-dione In Vitro Production of Anthramycin and Derivatives:

Anthramycin is a potent, biologically active natural product that results from the condensation of two amino acid-derived substrates by a simple 2-enzyme NRPS system. NRPSs are multidomain proteins that contain sets of functional domains arranged into units called modules. The formation of a dipeptide requires a minimum of two NRPS modules, with each module consisting of an adenylation (A) domain and a thiolation (T) domain. Each T domain is posttranslationally modified with a 4′-phosphopanthetheinyl (Ppant) group derived from coenzyme A (CoA) in a reaction catalyzed by a phosphopanthetheinyl transferase. Peptide formation requires each module to load a specific amino acid or other carboxylic acid substrate onto its T domain, a process that involves activation of the substrate by the A domain as an acyl-adenylate intermediate and subsequent reaction of the acyl-adenylate with the P-pant thiol group to form an acyl-thioester. In this way the substrates to be joined are covalently bound to the protein modules through their T domains. Peptide bond formation is catalyzed by a condensation (C) domain. The C domain directs the nucleophilic attack of the amino group found on the substrate bound to downstream T domain onto the activated acyl thioester of the substrate bound to the upstream T domain. The resulting dipeptide product remains covalently tethered to the downstream module via thioester linkage to the T domain (dipeptidyl-S-T product). Thus the minimal dipeptide-forming NRPS system consists of the following protein domains: A-T-C-A-T. These domains may be contained on a single polypeptide or, as in the anthramycin ORF 21-ORF 22 system, on two polypeptides that cooperate through protein:protein interactions.

The ORF 21-ORF 22 gene products (SEQ ID NOS: 42 and 44) provide a system for the production of anthramycin and derivatives in vitro using purified enzymes. This system may also be used to create structurally diverse dipeptide-based products using purified enzymes and represents an advance over similar dipeptide-forming enzyme systems described previously.

The two-protein NRPS system comprising the ORF 21 and ORF 22 proteins (SEQ ID NOS: 42 and 44) represents one of the simplest natural product biosynthesis systems described to date and provides an attractive system for the production of anthramycin and anthramycin derivatives using purified protein components. Reconstitution of anthramycin synthesis in vitro using purified ORF 21 (SEQ ID NO: 42) and ORF 22 (SEQ ID NO: 44) can be achieved using methods similar to those used to achieve the in vitro synthesis of the peptide natural product enterobactin (Gehring et al., 1998, Biochemistry 37: 2648–2659). In the enterobactin system, incubation of purified EntE protein (which contains an A domain and activates the substrate 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate, DHB), purified holo-EntB protein (which contains an aryl-carrier protein that is functionally analogous to the T domain of other NRPS modules) and purified holo-EntF protein (a four-domain protein containing a C domain, an A domain specific for serine, a T domain and a thioesterase or Te domain) along with the substrates DHB, serine and ATP results in the reconstitution of enterobactin synthetase activity and the production of enterobactin.

The construction of expression vectors directing the expression of the apo and holo forms of ORF 21 (SEQ ID NO: 42) and ORF 22 (SEQ ID NO: 44) is achieved using standard methods (Sambrook, et al., 1989, Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.). For example, the genes encoding ORF 21 (SEQ ID NO: 43) and ORF 22 (SEQ ID NO: 45) are amplified by PCR and cloned into a commonly used vector such as the pQE vector system (Qiagen) or the pET vector system (Novagen). NRPS T domains require covalent attachment of the Ppant moiety of CoA to a conserved serine in order to be active (Walsh et al., 1997, Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 1:301–315). The Sfp Ppant transferase from Bacillus subtilis is capable of converting the apo forms of many heterologous recombinant proteins into the holo form and can be coexpressed with recombinant proteins in order to generate holo enzyme preparations (Lambalot et al., 1996, Chem. Biol. 3:923–936; Quadri et al., 1998, Biochemistry 37:1585–1595). The apo and holo forms of recombinant ORF 21 and ORF 22 are produced in E. coli as C-terminal hexahistidine-tagged fusion proteins and purified to homogeneity by nickel affinity chromatography, using methods similar to those described in Admiraal et al., 2001, Biochemistry 40:6116–6123. For the heterologous expression and isolation of apo forms of ORF 21 and ORF 22, E. coli strain M15(pREP4) is used, whereas E. coli strain BL21 (pREP4-gsp) is used to produce the holo enzyme forms, using methods similar to those described in May et al., 2001, J. Biol. Chem. 276:7209–7217. Alternatively, the E. coli strain BL21 strain is used for the the production of apo enzyme forms, while E. coli strain BL21 (pRSG56) is used to produce holo enzyme forms, using methods similar to those described in Admiraal et al., 2001, Biochemistry 40:6116–6123. As an alternative for the preperation of holo forms of the recombinant proteins, the corresponding apo forms are incubated in a reaction mixture containing CoA and purified Sfp Ppant transferase, using methods similar to those described in Lambalot and Walsh, 1995, J. Biol. Chem. 270:24658–24661.

To determine the range of substrates that may be recognized and activated by the ORF 21 and ORF 22 enzymes (SEQ ID NOS: 42 and 44), reactions containing radiolabeled substrates and apo or holo forms of the recombinant proteins are incubated in the presence or absence of magnesium-ATP and subsequently analyzed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) followed by gel autoradiography, or by trichloroacetic acid precipitation of protein fractions followed by scintillation counting of the precipitate. The apo forms of the recombinant proteins, lacking the Ppant cofactor, are not covalently labeled with substrate. In contrast, holo forms of the recombinant proteins are covalently loaded with radiolabeled substrate in reactions that also require the presence of magnesium-ATP.

ORF 21 (SEQ ID NOS: 42) is expected to recognize and covalently tether a variety of benzoate, anthranilate and heterocyclic aromatic substrates. ORF 22 (SEQ ID NO: 44) is expected to recognize and covalently tether a variety of proline-like or pyrrol-containing substrates. The loading reaction consists of two steps, the formation of a substrate-adenylate intermediate mediated by the A domains of the recombinant proteins followed by substrate loading onto the thiol of the Ppant cofactor of the T domains. Additional substrates that can be loaded onto the recombinant proteins are identified by radiolabel chase experiments, using methods similar to those described in Admiraal et al., 2001, Biochemistry 40:6116–6123. Briefly, the holo form of the recombinant protein is first incubated with a putative substrate. The protein components are separated from putative unreactive substrates by microspin gel filtration. Radiolabeled forms of a known substrate, such as a substituted anthranilate in the case of ORF 21 or a proline-like substrate in the case of ORF 22, are then added to the protein fractions and the mixtures incubated briefly under reaction conditions (the chase period) prior to SDS-PAGE autoradiography. Protein samples that are originally incubated with a compound that is competent to serve as a substrate contain covalently loaded protein which is not available to react with radiolabeled substrates during the chase period, resulting in little or no detectable radiolabeled protein by SDS-PAGE autoradiography. In contrast, protein samples that are incubated with a compound that serves as a poor substrate or a non-substrate contain primarily free forms of the holo protein, which then readily react with radiolabeled substrate during the chase period to generate radiolabeled protein that is readily detected by SDS-PAGE autoradiography. Control experiments are used to rule out the possibility that a putative substrate acts as a tight-binding competitive inhibitor of subsequent loading with radiolabeled substrate by measuring the relative rate constants for reaction of putative substrates with respect to a known substrate over time in a mixed reaction.

Determination of the substrate selectivity of the A domains of ORF 21 and ORF 22 proteins (SEQ ID NOS: 42 and 44) is also accomplished by using the well-known A domain ATP-pyrophosphate exchange assay that monitors the formation of acyl-adenylates, using methods similar to those described in Stachelhaus et al., 1998, J. Biol. Chem. 273:22773–22781. Briefly, purified recombinant proteins are incubated with putative substrates in the presence of ATP and radiolabeled pyrophosphate and the incorporation of radiolabel into ATP is measured.

The anthramycin ORF 21 protein (SEQ ID NO: 42) is structurally and functionally similar to the A-T loading didomain of the RifA rifamycin synthetase. The natural substrate of the ORF 21 protein is a substituted anthranilate, while the natural substrate for the A-T loading didomain of the RifA synthetase is 3-amino-5-hydroxybenzoate. The rifamycin A-T loading didomain, when expressed and purified from a heterologous expression system independently from the remainder of the RifA synthetase, is able to activate and tether many additional substrates, including 3,5-diaminobenzoate, 3-hydroxybenzoate, 3-aminobenzoate, 3,5-dibromobenzoate, 3,5-dichlorobenzoate, 3,5-dihydroxybenzoate, 3-chlorobenzoate, 3-bromobenzoate, benzoate, 2-aminobenzoate, 3-methoxybenzoate, 3-fluorobenzoate and 3,5-difluorobenzoate (Admiraal et al, 2001, Biochemistry 40:6116–6123). It is similarly expected that the ORF 21 protein (SEQ ID NOS: 42) is able to activate and tether these and other substrates, including the corresponding anthranilate derivatives of all of the compounds listed as well as heterocyclic aromatic ring-containing substrates and present them for peptide bond formation to substrates tethered to the T domain of recombinant ORF 22 (SEQ ID NO: 44).

Reconstitution of peptide synthesis in vitro using NRPS modules provides a method to produce libraries of compounds derived from the condensation of amino acid and other carboxylic acid substrates. Reconstitution of one peptide bond-forming reaction to produce a dipeptidyl-S-T product requires two T domains primed with Ppant and loaded with an amino acid on the downstream T domain and an amino acid or other carboxylic acid group on the upstream T domain. Such two-module reconstitutions have recently been achieved with purified proteins. In one example, described in Stachelhaus et al., 1998, J. Biol. Chem. 273:22773–22781, the isolated first module of gramicidin S synthetase GrsA [A(Phe)-T-E domains] and the isolated first module of tyrocidine synthetase TycB [C-A(Pro)-T domains] function together to form a peptide bond, yielding the dipeptidyl product covalently tethered to the TycB module (D-Phe-Pro-S-TycB) which, in the absence of downstream modules, undergoes a slow intramolecular cyclization and release from the TycB module to generate free D-Phe-D-Pro diketopiperazine. In the absence of downstream domains the dipeptidyl-S-T condensation product remains covalently tethered to the enzyme (except in special cases) so that enzymatic turnover cannot occur, limiting the usefulness of this system. Doekel and Marahiel, 2000, Chem. Biol. 7:373–384 demonstrate that hybrid synthetases containing modules from heterologous NRPS systems can be constructed using protein engineering techniques to construct two-module systems capable of forming dipeptide products. For example, a hybrid synthetase consisting of the native initiation module of the bacitracin synthetase BacA1 [A(Ile) domain] and the carboxy-terminal module of the tyrocidine synthetase TycC [T-C-A(Leu)-T-Te domains] produced the dipeptides Ile-Leu and Ile-Ile when incubated with the substrates isoleucine and leucine in an in vitro reaction. Analysis of the reaction kinetics of the hybrid synthetase systems indicates that both the condensation reaction and the hydrolytic release of dipeptide product are slow processes, also limiting the usefulness of these systems for the production of dipeptide products in vitro.

In contrast to the system described above, the ORF 21-ORF 22 system represents a naturally-occurring 2-module system for the efficient production of anthramycin, anthramycin derivatives and other dipeptide products. Efficient product release and catalytic turnover results from the activity of the reductase domain found at the C-terminus of the ORF 22 protein. The unusual reductive cleavage mechanism catalyzed by the ORF 22 reductase domain results in the formation of a reactive aldehyde that can be captured intramolecularly in stable hemiaminal linkage, as found in anthramycin. A variety of hemiaminal or imine and other heteroatom cyclic forms can thus be produced depending on the nature of the nucleophilic substituents appended onto the upstream substrate activated by the ORF 21 protein, resulting in the formation of dipeptide products consisting of substrates linked by a diverse range of heterocyclic ring structures. Alternatively the reactive aldehyde may be reduced to the alcohol.

To assay for the production of dipeptide products by the recombinant ORF 21 -ORF 22 system, methods similar to those described in Doekel and Marahiel, 2000, Chem. Biol. 7:373–384, are used. Briefly, purified holo enzymes are incubated with carboxylic acid and amino acid substrates in the presence of magnesium-ATP and suitable buffers to allow peptide bond formation to occur. Negative controls are performed with no ATP or only one substrate. Product detection is achieved using thin-layer chromatography and reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and coupled HPLC-mass spectrometric methods.

The ORF 21-ORF 22 system has applications in the production of many products containing heterocyclic ring structures, including benzodiazepine derivatives. For example, the 1,4-benzodiazepine-2,5-diones are an important class of compounds as derivatives of this class have shown promise as antithrombolitic agents, they serve as the synthetic precursors to the anthramycin antitumor compounds as well as to the benzodiazepine receptor antagonist flumazenil, and they have also shown utility as herbicides (Boojamre et al., 1997, J. Org. Chem. 62:1240–1256). The formation of 1,4-benzodiazepine-2,5-dione derivatives in vitro can be achieved using recombinant forms of the ORF 21 and ORF 22 proteins. It is expected that replacement of the reductase domain of ORF 22 by a hydrolyzing thioesterase domain will result in the release of products from the ORF 22 protein by simple hydrolysis of the dipeptidyl thioester to the corresponding free carboxylate rather than reductive cleavage to generate the aldehyde. Mootz et al. (2000, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97:5848–5853) describe methods for appending Te domains to heterologous NRPS modules for the purpose of effecting the release of nascent peptide chains from the recombinant synthetase. Using similar methods, the reductase domain of ORF 22 is replaced with a Te domain from a heterologous NRPS system that normally releases the peptide chain as a carboxylate, such as the AcvA Te domain involved in the release of aminoadipoyl-cysteine-valine tripeptide via water hydrolysis during the biosynthesis of penicillin, or the hydrolyzing Te domain of the vancomycin synthetase. Such a domain replacement results in the release of the anthramycin precursor dipeptide as a linear species containing vicinal carboxylate (generated by hydrolytic release) and amino (anthranilate substituent) groups. Cyclization of this compound to form the corresponding 1,4-benzodiazepine-2,5-dione structure is expected to occur following incubation under conditions that favor amide bond formation between the free amino and carboxylate groups.

An alternative scheme for the in vitro production of the 1,4-benzodiazepine-2,5-dione follows from the replacement of the reductase domain of ORF 22 with a lactam-forming Te domain, such as the Te domain of the TycC tyrocidine synthetase, that naturally catalyzes the intramolecular coupling of a free amino group to the carbonyl involved in thioester Inkage to the synthetase. The TycC Te domain exhibits a broad flexibility toward nonnative substrates (Trauger et al., 2000, Nature 407:215–218). In this case, transfer of the dipeptide intermediate onto the Te active site serine residue is followed by intramolecular amide formation and release of product from the recombinant synthetase. Other NRPS Te domains that are likely to catalyze a chain-releasing lactam-forming reaction, such as the Te domain of the gramicidin S GrsB synthetase protein, are also potential substitutes. Replacement of the ORF 22 reductase domain with such Te domains using standard protein engineering techniques thus results in the simultaneous formation of the second amide bond and release of the cyclic 1,4-benzodiazepine-2,5-dione product from the recombinant ORF 22 protein.

Another scheme for the in vitro production of the 1,4-benzodiazepine-2,5-dione follows from the replacement of the reductase domain of ORF 22 with an amide-forming C domain, such as the carboxy-terminal C domain of the cyclosporin synthetase, that naturally catalyzes the intramolecular coupling of a free amino group to the carbonyl involved in thioester linkage to the synthetase. Other NRPS C domains that are likely to catalyze a chain-releasing amide synthase reaction, such as the amide synthase C domain of the vibriobactin VibF protein, are also suitable substitutes. Replacement of the ORF 22 reductase domain with such amide synthase C domains thus results in the simultaneous formation of the second amide bond and release of the cyclic 1,4-benzodiazepine-2,5-dione product from the recombinant ORF 22 protein.

Yet another scheme for the production of the 1,4-benzodiazepine-2,5-dione follows from the inactivation or removal of the reductase domain of ORF 22 using standard protein engineering techniques. In this case the tethered dipeptidyl intermediate undergoes slow release from the ORF 22 protein via a nonenzymatic cyclization and release that results from the nucleophilic attack of the free amine group appended to the ring A substituent onto the activated carbonyl thioester, using a mechanism similar to the diketopiperazine-forming chain-release mechanism proposed for the biosynthesis and release of the natural product ergotamine from the LPS1 synthetase (Walzel et al., 1997, Chem. Biol. 4:223–230). Such cyclization and release is facilitated by the cyclic pyrrol-compound substituent naturally tethered to the ORF 22 protein, and is expected to be further enhanced by the loading of more conformationally flexible proline derivatives onto the ORF 22 T domain.

Ehmann et al. (2000, Chem. Biol. 7:765–772) demonstrate the feasibility of using small molecule substrate analogs to mimic the covalently tethered upstream and downstream acyl thioester substrates. Thus, rather than loading an acyl substrate onto a T domain, it is possible to activate the same substrate as the N-acetylcysteamine (NAC) thioester (acyl-S-NAC). For example, in a reaction containing purified EntF subunit of the enterobactin synthetase [C-A(Ser)-T-Te domains], purified EntB subunit (A domain) loaded with the 2,3-dihydroxybenzoyl donor (upstream) substrate group and the acceptor (downstream) substrate L-serine-SNAC, the formation of the condensation products 2,3-dihydroxybenzoyl-L-serine-SNAC and 2,3-dihydroxybenzoyl-L-serine (which results from thioester hydrolysis during the reaction and subsequent purification) were observed. Dipeptidyl condensation products were also observed when other L-amino acid-SNACs were used as the downstream substrate, albeit at lower levels than those observed with the natural substrate analog serine-SNAC. In another example, a reaction containing purified first module of tyrocidine synthetase TycB (C-A(Pro)-T), the natural proline acceptor (downstream) substrate for this module and D-phenylalanine-SNAC (the SNAC analog of the natural donor or upstream substrate of this module), resulted in the formation of the condensation product D-phenylalanine-proline diketopiperazine.

Using methods similar to those described in Ehmann et al., 2000, Chem. Biol. 7:765–772, the natural specificity of the ORF 21 and ORF 22 (SEQ ID NOS: 42 and 44) A domains may be bypassed to achieve condensation of an increased range of carboxylic acid and amino acid substrates by the ORF 21-ORF 22 NRPS system, thus increasing the range of unusual dipeptide compounds produced by this system.

Alternative carboxylic acid substrates may also be loaded onto the T domains of ORF 21 and ORF 22 proteins (SEQ ID NOS: 42 and 44) using methods similar to those described by Belshaw et al. (1999, Science 284:486–489). Such methods also bypass the editing function of the A domains and allow the loading of noncognate carboxylic acid and amino acid groups onto the ORF 21 and ORF 22 (SEQ ID NOS: 42 and 44) T domains. The ORF 21-ORF 22 system has the advantage that the upstream (donor) and downstream (acceptor) T domains reside on separate enzymes, allowing each to be loaded independently, and the activity of the reductase domain of ORF 22 ensures that dipeptide products are released from the enzyme following condensation, thus allowing enzymatic turnover and facilitating the detection of products. The loading and joining of noncognate substrates by the ORF 21-ORF 22 system includes the following three steps: 1) synthesis of acyl- or aminoacyl-S-coenzyme A molecules (aa-S-CoAs) to serve as potential substrates for loading onto the T domains of purified ORF 21 and ORF 22 proteins; 2) enzymatic loading of acyl- or aminoacyl-S-Ppant groups onto the apo forms of upstream and downstream T domains using the Bacillus subtilis Ppant transferase enzyme, with transfer of the aa-S-Ppant moiety to the apo T domains being monitored by mass spectrometric analysis or native PAGE gel-shift assays capable of resolving apo and holo forms of the ORF 21 and ORF 22 proteins; and 3) measuring the formation of dipeptide product resulting from peptide bond formation mediated by the C domain of the ORF 22 protein using thin-layer chromatography and reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and coupled HPLC-mass spectrometric methods.

EXAMPLE 5 Production of Anthramycin Derivatives by in Vivo Expression of Recombinant ORF 21 and ORF 22 Proteins

The production of anthramycin derivatives by fermentation may also be accomplished by in vivo expression of recombinant ORF 21 and ORF 22 proteins (SEQ ID NOS: 42 and 44).

By analogy to the first condensation domain of the tyrocidine synthetase (Belshaw et al., 1999, Science 284:486–489), the C domain of ORF 22 is likely to show low selectivity at the upstream (donor) residue (which is normally a substituted anthranilate for anthramycin biosynthesis). The experiments described in Doekel and Marahiel, 2000 Chem. Biol. 7:373–384 further confirm that recombinant NRPS modules show a considerable degree of tolerance toward noncognate substrates for the condensation reaction at the upstream (donor) position. Thus it is expected that the loading of noncognate substrates onto the ORF 21-ORF 22 proteins will be useful in generating anthramycin derivatives that carry numerous modifications of the A-ring structure, such as highly substituted aromatic rings, including heterocyclic rings, as well as unsaturated ring systems. The tyrocidine synthetase and other recombinant NRPS modules described by Doekel and Marahiel show a greater selectivity at the downstream (acceptor) site, reflecting a selectivity in the size of the R-group linked to the amino acid chain. However, the ORF 22 protein (SEQ ID NO: 42) represents an ideal catalyst for the activation and condensation of highly substituted proline-like and pyrrol-containing substrates, as the A domain of this protein naturally accepts a substrate containing the bulky acrylamide substituent on the pyrrol-ring, indicating that a wide variety of chemical groups can be substituted at this position without adversely affecting the catalytic suitability of the substrate amine and carbonyl functionalities involved in peptide bond formation and enzymatic release of products. It is therefore expected that the ORF 21-ORF 22 system will be useful in generating anthramycin derivatives that carry modifications of the C3-pyrrol-group that forms the C-ring of anthramycin.

For example, this is achieved by supplementing the growth medium with analogs of the natural substrates of the ORF 21 and ORF 22 system. This may be carried out in either a natural anthramycin-producing microorganism such as Streptomyces refuineus, or, preferably, a recombinant microorganism that is genetically engineered to over-express the ORF 21-ORF 22 system. The latter is preferred as higher levels of the ORF 21-ORF 22 enzymes will increase yields and the absence of the biosynthetic genes for the natural substrates of the ORF 21 -ORF 22 system will overcome any potential substrate competition that may arise in a natural anthramycin-producing microorganism. Similar results may be obtained with natural anthramycin-producing strains that have either been genetically engineered or selected or mutagenized to (i) produce higher levels of the ORF 21-ORF 22 system and/or (ii) to be deficient in the biosynthesis of one or both of the natural substrates of the ORF 21-ORF 22 system. In both naturally producing and heterologously producing microorganisms, co-expression or increased expression of resistance determinants, such as the gene products of ORF 8, ORF 10 or ORF 25 (SEQ ID NOS: 16, 20 and 50) may be beneficial.

Many peptide natural products produced by NRPS systems have important medical and agricultural applications and there is great interest in methods for generating derivatives of peptide natural products that may have improved therapeutic and agricultural applications. For example, Doekel and Marahiel (2000 Chem. Biol. 7:373–384) have described protein engineering methods that can be used to join heterologous NRPS modules and generate hybrid synthetases capable of producing novel peptide products. Similar methods are used to append the domains of ORF 21 and ORF 22 to other NRPS modules in order to generate hybrid synthetases that produce novel peptide products and structural derivatives of known natural products. The ORF 21 and ORF 22 proteins are particularly useful in this regard as they naturally recognize and activate unusual, non-proteinogenic carboxylic acid and amino acid substrates and can therefore be used to incorporate these unusual substrates into other peptide natural products.

The ORF 21 A-T didomain provides a module that may be appended to other peptide synthetases or polyketide synthases in order to generate derivatives of peptide and polyketide natural products. For example, the ORF 21 A-T didomain may be used to prime the synthesis of polyketides by appending the protein or portions thereof to polyketide synthases (PKSs) by protein engineering in order to generate new natural product derivatives. Several polyketide-based natural products are synthesized by enzyme systems that contain an NRPS-like loading module fused to the first condensing module of the PKS. Biosynthetic gene clusters for the natural products rifamycin (Admiralet al., 2001, Biochemistry 40:6116–6123), rapamycin (Lowden et al., 1996, Agnes. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 35:2249–2251), FK506 (Motamedi and Shafiee, 1998, Eur. J. Biochem. 256:528–534), ansatrienin (Chen et al., 1999, Eur. J. Biochem. 261:98–107), FK520 (Wu et al., 2000, Gene 251:81–90), microcystin (Tillett et al., 2000, Chem. Biol. 7:753–764), and pimaricin (Aparicio et al., 2000, Chem. Biol. 7:895–905) all encode loading modules that are structurally and functionally similar to the ORF 21 A-T didomain. These naturally-occurring systems are likely to prime the biosynthesis of the corresponding natural products using an adenylation-thiolation mechanism similar to that used by the ORF 21 protein. in anthramycin biosynthesis (Admiraal et al., 2001, Biochemistry 40:6116–6123). Thus, it is likely that substitution of the naturally occurring loading module of these systems with the module of ORF 21 will generate new products that result from priming with 4-methyl-3-hydroxyanthranilate or other benzoate- or anthranilate-based units or heterocylic ring structures. The production of derivatives of natural products by appending the ORF 21 loading module to other peptide synthetases or PKSs is achieved using methods similar to those described in Marsden et al., 1998, Science 279:199–202, in which the endogenous loading module of 6-deoxyerythronolide B PKS producing the polyketide backbone of the erythromycins is replaced by the loading module of the avermectin PKS such that the resulting hybrid synthase produced erythromycin derivatives that had incorporated branched starter units characteristic of the avermectin family.

The present invention is not to be limited in scope by the specific embodiments described herein. Indeed, various modifications of the invention in addition to those described herein will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing description and the accompanying figures. Such modifications are intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims.

It is further to be understood that all sizes and all molecular weight or mass values are approximate, and are provided for description.

Patents, patent publications, procedures and publications cited throughout this application are incorporated herein in their entirety for all purposes. 

1. An isolated, purified or enriched nucleic acid comprising: a) a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide at least 95% identical to the anthramycin non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) of SEQ ID NO: 44 and having NRPS activity; or b) a polynucleotide encoding an NRPS domain selected from the adenylation domain of amino acids 481–962 of SEQ ID NO:44 and the reductase domain of amino acids 1038–1446 of SEQ ID NO:44.
 2. The isolated, purified or enriched nucleic acid of claim 1, wherein said nucleic acid is SEQ ID NO: 45 or a fragment thereof encoding the adenylation domain of amino acids 481–962 of SEQ ID NO:44 or the reductase domain of amino acids 1038–1446 of SEQ ID NO:
 44. 3. The isolated, purified or enriched nucleic acid of claim 1, wherein said nucleic acid encodes the anthramycin NRPS of SEQ ID NO: 44 or a polypeptide at least 95% identical to the anthramycin NRPS of SEQ ID NO: 44 and having NRPS activity.
 4. The isolated, purified or enriched nucleic acid of claim 1, wherein said nucleic acid encodes the adenylation domain of amino acids 481–962 of SEQ ID NO:44.
 5. The isolated, purified or enriched nucleic acid of claim 1, wherein said nucleic acid encodes the reductase domain of amino acids 1038–1446 of SEQ ID NO:44.
 6. The isolated, purified or enriched nucleic acid of claim 2, wherein said nucleic acid is SEQ ID NO:
 45. 7. An expression vector comprising a nucleic acid of claim
 1. 8. An isolated host cell transformed with the expression vector of claim
 7. 9. A method of preparing anthramycin or an anthramycin analog, comprising transforming an isolated host cell with the expression vector of claim 7, culturing said host cell under conditions such that an anthramycin synthetase is produced and catalyzes the synthesis of said anthramycin or anthramycin analog.
 10. The isolated, purified or enriched nucleic acid of claim 1 contained in the cosmid having accession number IDAC 040602-1.
 11. The method of claim 9, wherein said host cell is selected from species of the genera Pseudomonas and Streptomyces.
 12. The method of claim 9, wherein said host cell is E. coli.
 13. A method of making a functional NRPS having at least 95% identity to SEQ ID NO: 44 or the adenylation domain or the reductase domain comprising introducing into an isolated host cell a nucleic acid of claim 1, said nucleic acid being operably linked to a promoter.
 14. The method of claim 13, wherein said host cell is selected from species of the genera Pseudomonas and Streptomyces.
 15. The method of claim 13, wherein said host cell is E, coli.
 16. The isolated, purified or enriched nucleic acid of claim 1, wherein said nucleic acid is SEQ ID NO:
 1. 